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HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

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OF THE

MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.

GIFT OF

ALEX. AG A SSI Z.

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Binder ,

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,

AT HARVARD COLLEGE.

No. VII.

REVISION OF THE ECHINI.

ALEXANDER AGASSIZ.

IN FOUR PARTS.

WITH NINETY-FOUR PLATES AND SIXTY-NINE WOOD-CUTS.

UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE,

WELCH, I3IGELOW, & CO.

1872-1874.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PART I.

Introduction, vii.

Bibliography, 1.

Nomenclature, 11.

Explanation" of the Chronological List, 31.

Chronological List, 34.

Synonymy, 87.

Synonymic Index, 171.

Geographical Distribution, 205.

List of Known Species, 213.

Littoral Districts, 221.

Patagonian District, 222 ; Tropical Atlantic District, 223 ; North Atlantic District,

225 ; Lusitanian District, 226 ; West African District, 226 ; South Circumpolar District,

226 ; Indo-Pacific District, 227 ; Indo-African District, 228 ; East Indian District, 228 ;
Pacific District, 229 ; Japanese District, 229 ; Australian District, 231 ; North Circumpolar
District, 230.

Littoral Lists, 231.

Okhotsk Sea to Gulf of Georgia, 231 ; Gulf of Georgia to Southern Peru, 231 ; Northern
Chili to Rio La Plata, 232 ; Southern Brazil to Eastern Virginia, 232 ; New Jersey to
Iceland, 233 ; Northern Shores of Siberia to West Coast of France, 233 ; Portugal to West
Coast of Tropical Africa, 234 ; Cape of Good Hope to Arabian Gulf, 234 ; Indian Ocean to
Philippine Islands, 235 ; Southern China to Northern Japan, 236 ; Pacific Ocean, 237 ;
West, South, East, and Northeast Australia to New Zealand, 238.

Geographical Distribution of the Genera, 240.

part n.

Note, 247.

Echini of the East Coast of the United States, 251.
For Systematic Table see 375, for Index 377.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAKT III.

Notice, 381.

Description of the Species, 383.

For Systematic Table of Contents see 617.

For Index see 625.

Errata, Parts I., II., 629.

PAKT IV.

Note, 633.

Terminology, 635.

The Test, 637. Growth of New Plates, 641.

Perischoechinidae, 644.

Spines, 651. Fascioles, 657. Pedicellaria, 659. Sphaeridia, 671.

Alimentary Canal, 673. Genital Organs, 680.

Ocular System, 682. Anal System, 683. A< riNOSTOME, 686.

Jaws, 688.

Circulation, 691. Water System, 693. Madreforio Body, 704.

Nervous System, 705.

Habits OF ECHINI, 706.

Embryology, 708. On the Foung Stages oi Echini, 731.

Geological Succession of the Echini, 748,

Homologies and Affinities ok the Echini, 755.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,

AT HARVARD COLLEGE.

No. VII.

REVISION OF THE ECHINI.

BY

ALEXANDER AGASSIZ.
PARTS I. -II.

WITH FORTY-NINE PLATES.

UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE,

WELCH, BIGELOW, & CO.

*1872.

NOTICE.

THE concluding Parts (III. and IV.), containing the description of
the species not included in Part II., and a review of the anatomy
and classification of the order, will be issued as soon as practicable.

ALEXANDER AGASSIZ.

PART I.

INTRODUCTION.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

NOMENCLATURE.

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

SYNONYMY — SYNONYMIC INDEX.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, WITH PLATES A, B, C, D, E, F, G.

INTRODUCTION.

f MHE present Revision of the Echini has been in my hands for the
-*- greater part of six years ; its publication has been delayed from
the impossibility of examining a large number of the original specimens
of the principal writers on the subject. Its earlier appearance would
have been useless without such an examination. This was made during a
recent visit to Europe, when the species of Echini (with very few excep-
tions) described during this century were examined, and carefully com-
pared with specimens sent from the Cambridge Museum to Europe for
that purpose.

Of many of the specimens we have, of course, only the tradition that
they are the originals made use of by various authors ; this is especially
the case with the types of the older authors in the Jarclin des Plantes and
in the British Museum ; but as no one has recently attempted to make
direct comparisons of the numerous species described independently, it is
not astonishing that when such a comparison is made the number of spe-
cies distinguished should be found to be so small.

To Dr. John E. Gray and the late Dr. Baird of the British Museum I am
indebted for giving me every possible facility to examine the collections
of the British Museum, containing the t}^pes of Dr. Gray's Catalogue of
Recent Echini, of his papers in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society
of London, in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, in the Annals
of Philosophy ; to Dr. P. L. Sclater for his kind assistance in hunting up
the types formerly in the collection of the Zoological Society; and to Dr.
Charles Stewart for his aid while working in the rooms of the British
Museum.

The collection of Echini made by Professor Percival E. Wright at the
Seychelles Islands was examined at Dublin. Dr. Carpenter and Mr. Jeff-
reys allowed me to examine, in company with their colleague, Professor
Wyville Thomson, the Echinoderms, collected in the different cruises of the
English Deep-Sea Dredging Expeditions, which had been brought together

v iii INTRODUCTION.

at Belfast. To the Rev. A. M. Norman I am indebted for information
respecting several British species. At Liverpool, in company with the
curator of the Derby Museum, Thomas J. Moore, the excellent collection
of Echinoderms brought together by his care was examined ; it contains
numerous interesting species from localities rarely represented in collec-
tions.

At Stockholm, in company with Professor Loven, the booty of the Jose-
phine Expedition was carefully examined, and I had also the opportunity
of seeing authentic specimens of most of the species described by Scan-
dinavian authors, most admirably preserved, as arc all the Invertebrate
Collections of the Stockholm Academy, — a model, indeed, to be followed
in the system adopted for exhibition. To Professor Lilljeborg I am also
indebted for information respecting some of the Echini of Linne, still
preserved in the Museum of Upsala.

At Copenhagen Professor Steenstrup allowed me the freest access to
the collections of the University ; and in company with Dr. Liitken I had
the opportunity of examining specimens of the species described by him
in bis Bidrag, and of improving my acquaintance witb the species of the
Norwegian coasts.

To Dr. G. 0. Sars I am indebted for a complete series of the species
of Echini inhabiting the coast of Norway, collected at the Lofoten Islands
during his Dredging Expeditions.

Professor W. Peters and Dr. Martens, of Berlin, most kindly gave me
access to the originals of the Echini described by the former from
Mozambique, and by the latter from the eastern seas, principally from
Japan.

At Hamburg, Mr. C. L. Salmin and Dr. Schmeltz, the curator of the
Godeffroy Museum, gave me the freest access to the materials which
interested me, while to Dr. Shilling, curator of the Hamburg Museum.
I am indebted for similar favors.

Through Professor Grube, of Breslau, I have had access to the remark-
able Echini he described in 1867, and which have thus far remained
unique in the history of Echinoderms.

In Leipzig, a few interesting species from Australia were shown me
by Professor Leuckhart. Professor Kolliker gave me the freest access pos-
sible to the collections in his charge, while Dr. Semper allowed me to
make a very careful examination of his magnificent collection of Echino-

INTRODUCTION.

IX

derms from the Philippine Islands, from which most valuable information
respecting the geographical distribution of many species was obtained.

At Frankfort, I examined the collections made by Riippell in the
Red Sea.

At Stuttgart, Dr. Krauss allowed me the freest use of the collection
of Echini made by him at Natal.

In the University Museum at Bonn I found the types of Philippi, as
well as those of Professor Troschel himself, to whom I owe this oppor-
tunity of examining them.

To Professor Ehlers I owe the discovery of the original specimens of
Klein, the most valuable historical collection of Echini in existence, which
has served as the basis of all the names proposed by Leske ; and as they
are generally adopted, it has been of incalculable service in clearing up
a multitude of doubtfid points. Through his exertions the Senate of the
University of Erlangen allowed the collection to pass to America for
examination.

At Neufchatel, M. Louis Coulon placed at my disposal many authentic
specimens which formed a part of the material of the Catalogue Raisonne.
A few other species were found at Geneva through the kindness of the
late Professor Pictet. M. de Loriol spent considerable time in examining
with me his valuable collection of recent and fossil Echini, among which
were some interesting species from Ceylon collected by Mr. A. Humbert.

The basis, however, for the accurate determination of most of the species
of Echini was found in the collection of the Jardin des Plantes. There
are preserved the originals of most of the species of Lamarck, and all
the collections brought home by the great French Exploring Expeditions.
This collection formed the chief part of the material of Blainville, and
again of the Catalogue Raisonne, so that without a very critical exami-
nation of this collection no commencement could be made.

Professor Deshayes allowed me to examine the collection of the Jardin
des Plantes as if it were my own, and all possible assistance was ren-
dered me in identifying the types by Messrs. Rousseau and Potteau,
whose long acquaintance with the collection made it possible to identify
many things of which the tradition must soon' be lost.

Professor Lartet gave me the opportunity of examining the few re-
cent species described by D'Orbigny still preserved with the rest of his
collections in the Paleontological Department of the Jardin des Plantes.

x INTRODUCTION.

To Mr. Cotteau the Cambridge Museum is indebted for a fine series of
the many new genera and species described by him in the Echinides de
la Sarthe, in the Paleontologie franeaise and other papers. In his private
collection at Auxerre were also authentic specimens of many of the
species described by Desor and Michelin ; the recent species it contains
have been in many cases labelled by both Michelin and Desor.

Another most important collection, containing much of the material
of the Catalogue Raisonne, is the collection of Deshaves and that of
Michelin, now in the Ecole des Mines. Michelin described a large num-
ber of species, which are here carefully labelled in his own handwriting,
making it possible to identify all the species described by him in the
Revue et Magazin de Zoologie, thanks to the courtesy of Professor Bayle.

At Vienna, I saw the collections of the Novarra Expedition made by
Frauenfeld.

The only collection of importance which 1 have not personally exam-
ined is that of Desmoulins, owing to the breaking out of the Prusso-French
war. The greater part, however, of his species are in the collections of
the Cambridge Museum, having once formed a part of the collection
brought to this country by Professor Agassi/,, with whom he was in cor-
respondence during the working up of the Catalogue Raisonne.

To Mr. Bouvier I am indebted for a most interesting collection from
Cape de Verde Islands. To Mr. Crosse for a number of species from
New Caledonia, and to all the gentlemen named above for typical speci-
mens carefully compared with the originals of all the species which could
be spared. 1 have thus succeeded in bringing together in Cambridge, with
the addition of the information obtained by comparisons with specimens
sent from Cambridge for that purpose, an unrivalled historical collection,
for which I cannot thank too cordially the many friends in Europe who
have so generously assisted me in my labors.

The materials existing in the United States have in a similar way
been carefully examined. The whole of the collection of Echini of the
Smithsonian Institution has, thanks to the generosity of Professors Henry
and Baird, been in my hands for a considerable period. It contains
the materials of the several explorations of the east and west coast
of the United States, made under the direction of the Smithsonian. To
Dr. Stimpson I owe the opportunity of studying the Echini of the
North Pacific Exploring Expedition, collected by himself. The Academy

INTRODUCTION. XJ

of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia allowed me, through Professor Leidy,
access to their collection containing many interesting species, especially
from the South Pacific. Professor Verrill has invariably communicated
to me with the greatest readiness the species he was describing from the
Museum of Yale College. To Mr. Putnam I owe many valuable speci-
mens from the collections of the Essex Institute, principally from Zanzi-
bar and other portions of Africa.

The collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology itself contains
the types of the majority of the species of the Catalogue Raisonne ;
the immense collections of Eehinoderms made by Mr. A. Garrett at va-
rious points in the Pacific Ocean, by Mr. C. Cook at Zanzibar, by Mr.
Henry Edwards in New Zealand and Australia, by Mr. Thomas G. Cary at
San Francisco ; the collections of the eastern coast of the United States
from Maine to Florida, made by Professor Agassiz ; the collections of
the Thayer Expedition in the West Indies and Brazil ; a collection of
Mediterranean species made by Professor Panceri ; the collections of Mr.
Pourtales from the deep waters between Florida and Cuba ; my own
collections from Panama, the west coast of Mexico, California, and the
Gulf of Georgia, besides innumerable exchanges made with other mu-
seums which will be noticed in their proper places.

The material accumulated in Cambridge represents, with but four
or five exceptions, every species described during the last forty years.
A good deal of unpublished matter collected by Professor Agassiz for
the continuation of his Monographies d'Echinodermes has been incorpo-
rated in this Revision. The freest use has also been made of prepara-
tions made under his direction by the late Nathaniel Bowditch, and of
a collection of sections of spines of Echini begun by Mr. Glen and con-
tinued by Mr. Bicknell with admirable success. Mr. Bicknell has also
made for the Museum microscopic preparations of such pedicellaria3 and
spicules as have been found necessary.

For the careful execution of the lithographic plates I am indebted to Mr.
P. Roetter ; to Mr. A. Sonrel for the preparation of the negatives needed for
the "Woodbarytype and Albertype processes which have been employed for
some of the Plates of this Revision. I have also to thank Messrs. E. Bier-
stadt, of New York, and John Carbutt, of Philadelphia, for the trouble they
have taken in making the necessary adaptations of their methods of printing
to the needs of Natural History illustrations.

x ii INTRODUCTION.

I must beg indulgence for the mistakes of omission and commission which
have undoubtedly found their way into the first part containing the Sy-
nonymy. I shall be greatly obliged to be notified of any errors discovered
hereafter by those who may make use of this Revision.

ALEXANDER AGASSIZ.
Cambridge, August, 1872.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

In addition to papers containing descriptions of Genera and Species, everything relating to the
recent Echini, to which I have had access, has been brought together which had any bearing on
the anatomy or classification of the order. Papers and memoirs on fossil Echini which were con-
sidered essential to a proper understanding of the affinities of the recent species have also been
added. Papers containing merely descriptions of new species of fossil Echini have been omitted,
but wherever generic divisions are discussed or proposed they have been quoted. The full titles
have not been quoted (but they are abbreviated so as to be readily recognized), as the Catalogue
of Scientific Papers by the Royal Society, and the usual Bibliographical works and Reports
now regularly published, will furnish the desired information. Carus, in his Bibliotheca Zoologica,
is very severe upon the Bibliographia Zoologiae of Agassiz, edited by Strickland. I do not wish
to enter into a criticism of his views, but would remark that he has himself been quite as guilty
of sins of omission, as far as the present order is concerned, as the author of the Bibliography
he so sweepingly condemns.

Abildgaard. Zool. Danica. 1789.

Agassiz, A. On the Embryology of Echinoderms ; Mem. Am. Acad., IX. p. 30. 1864.
" Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., IX. pp. 192, 329.

Embryology of the Starfish. 1864.

List of Echinoderms ; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., I. No. 2. 1863.
" Synopsis N. Pacific Ex. Ex. Echinoids ; Proc. Acad. N. Seien., Phila., p. 352. 1863.

Habits of Echinoderms; Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. 1869.
" Note on Leskia mirabilis ; Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., IX. p. 242. 1869.

" Preliminary Report Echini, deep water Florida Straits; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., I.

" Appendix to above; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., II. 1871.

" Preliminary notice of Echini ; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., III. 1872.

" and Agassiz, E. C. Seaside Studies. 1865.

Agassiz, L. Prodrome d'une Monog. des Radiaires ; Mem. Soc. Sc. Nat. Neufchat. 1836.

" Mem. sur les foss. du Jura cretace Neufchatel ; Mem. Soc. Sc. Nat. Neufchat. 1836.

" Growth and bilateral symmetry of Echinod. ; Phil. Mag., p. 369. 1834.

" Lectures on Comparative Embryology.

" Catalogus System. Ectyp. Mus. Neoc. 1840.

" Description des Echinod. foss. Suisses, I. 1839 ; II. 1840.

" Monographies d'Eehinodernies, Salenies. 1838.

" " " Scutelles. 1841.

" " " Galerites (Desor). 1842.

" " " Dysaster (Desor). 1842.

" " " Auat. Echinus (Valentin). 1841.

" Nomenclator Zoologicus.

" (Metaporhinus) ; Bull. Soc. Geol. France, p. 730. 1844.

" Resume d'un travail d'ensemble ; Compt. Rend. Acad. Paris, XXIII. p. 276. 1846.

(Pygorhjnchus) ; Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., p. 262. 1860.
" Pores in the Disc of Echinoderms ; Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. 1850.

Contributions to Nat. Hist, of U. S., III., IV. 1860 - 1862.

et Desor. Catalogue Raisonne ; Ann. Sc. Nat., VI., VII., VIII. 1846, 1847.
Aldrovandi. De Animalibus. 1642.

1869.

2 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Aradas. Echinidi d. Sicilia. Att. Acad. Giocnia, VI. p. 53 ; VII. p. 229; VIII. p. 149; X. p. 215.
D'Archiac. Histoire des Progres de Geologic (passim).

" et Haime. Animaux fossiles de l'lnde. 1853.

Argenville. Hist. Nat. Conch. 1757.
Aristotle. Hist. Animal.

Austin, T. Arrangement of the Echinodermata; Ann. Mag. N. II., X. p. 10G. 1842.
Barrett, L. On two species of Echinodermata ; Ann. Mag. N. II., XIX. p. 82. 1857.

" and McAndrkw. Echinoderms dredged between Drontheim and North Cape; Ann.

Mag. N. II, XX. p. 44. 1857.
Bastian, C. Phil. Trans., p. 622. 1866.
Baur, A. Naturgcsehichte d. Synapta digitata. 1864.
Belon. Hist. Nat. des poissons marins. 1551.
Belval, Th. (Lobophore) ; Bull. Acad. Sc. Belgique, pp. 419, 512. 18G3.

" (Encope); " " " " p. 285. 1863.

Van Beneden. Bull. Acad. Se. Belgique, XVII. No. 6 (Embryol).

Bennett. Note on a peculiar properly of a species of Echinus; Trans. Lin. Soc., XV. p. 74. 1827.
Bianconi. Specim. Zoolog. Mosambicana. 1869.
Billings, E. Structure of Crinoida ; Sill. .Journ., XL VIII., XLIX.
Blainville. Article Oursin ; (Levrlt) Diet. Sc. Nat., XXXVII. 1825.
« " Scutclle; " " " " XLV1II. 1827.

" " Spatangue; " " " " L. 1827.

" Zoophytes; " " " " LX. 1830.

" Manuel d'aetinologie (reprint of Zoophytes). 1834.

Bleeker. Reis door de Minahassa. 1 856.
Boccones. Recherches et Observ. nat. 1674.
BbLSCHE, W. Zusammenstcllung der Diademiden; Wicg. Arch., I. p. 324. 1865.

" Nachtrag, Zusammenstellung der Diademiden; Wieg. Arch., I. p. 89. 1866.

Bonanni. Rer. Nat Hist. 1773.
Borlase. Nat. Hist. Cornwall. 1758.
Bosc. Hist. Nat. des Vers. 1802.

" Article Oursin (Detcrvillr, Diet. Sc. Nat). 1816.
Brady, G. S. Northumberland Dredging Reports. 1863.
Brandt. Prodrom. Descript. Anim. (Mertens) Acad. St. Pet 1835.
Breyn. Schediasma de Echinis. 1732.
Brisson. Ordre Nat des Oursins (Klein). 17.'>1.
Bronn. Index Paleontol. 1848, 1849.
" Lethea. 1885.

" Klassen u. Ord. d. Thiep-Reichs (Actinomorphozoa).

Browne. Civil and Natural History of Jamaica. 1789.

CAILLAUD, F. Oursins perforants. Conipt. Rend. Acad. Paris, XXXIX. p. 35. 1854.
" " " Ann. Sc Acad. Loire Inf. 1856.

" " " Supplem. Rev. Mag. 1857.

" Catalogue des Radiaires de la Loire Inf. Nantes. 1865.

Carpenter, Jeffreys, and Thomson. Preliminary Report of the Dredging Operations, Lightning

Exped.; Proe. It S. Lond., No. 157. 18G8.
" " " " Prelim. Report, Porcupine Expedition of 1869; Proc. R. S.

Lond., No. L21. 1870.
" " " " Prelim. Report, Porcupine Expedition of 1870; Proe. R. S.

Lond. 1870.
Carpenter, W. B. Reparation of the spines of Echinidae ; Month. Mic. Journ. May, 1870.
Carus, J. V. Icones Zootomicae.

Conrad, T. A. Catal. Eocene, Echinodermata of U. S.; Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila. p. 74. 1865.
" (*/<• orthonotus); Proe. Acad. X. S. Phila.. p. 327. 1843.

" Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., p. 74. 1865.

" in Vol. VII. Pacific R. R. Survey.

Costa, O. G. Monog. degli Echinocyami viv. e. foss. Napoli. 1871.
Costa. Phil. Trans., XLVI. p. 496. 1714.
Cotteau, G. Eehinides fossiles de l'Yonne. 1847-1865.

Echinides nouveaux ou peu connus ; Rev. Mag. Zool., 1858, No. 5 (Pseudopedina).

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 3

Cotteau, G. Rev. Mag. Zool., 1859, No. 4 (Asterocid. Pseudo.).
" " " 1860, p. 212, Mai.

" " » " 1861, p. 65.

" " " 1862, p. 225, 261, 294 (Heterodiad.).

" " " " 1863, June, July, August (Microdiad.).

" " '• " 1864, August (Diademopsis).

" " " ' 1866 (Leioped. Echiiioped. Oolopygus).

" " " " 1867 (Porocidarit).

" " " " 1869, Mai (Echinodiademoi).

" Considerations generates s. 1. Ecbinides du terr. Cretace ; Ann. Sc. Nat., 18G9.

" Ecbinides Tert. des env. de Bordeaux (Coelopleurus) ; Act. Soe. Linn. Bordeaux, XXVII.

p. 249. 1869.
(DesoreUa); Bull. Soc. Geol. France, XII p. 710. 1855.
(Micropsis) ; « " " " XIII. p. 319. 1856.

" (Galeropygus) ; " " " " XIII. p. 648. 1856.

" Note sur la faniille du Salenidees ; Bull Soc. Geol. France, XVIII. p. 614. 1861.

(Heterocidaris) ; Bull. Soc. Geol. France, XVII. p. 378. 1860.
" Appareil apical de Goniopygus ; Bull. Soc Geol. France, XVI. p. 162. 1858.

" (Metaporhinus) ; Bull. Soc. H. N. Yonne. 1860.

" Ecbinides foss. des Pyrennees. 1863.

" " " de l'Aube. 1865.

" Paleontologie Francaise ; terr. crdt. VII. 1861-1867.

" Echinides de Syrie; Compt. Rend. Acad. Paris. 1869.

Sur le genre Asterostoma ; " " " " 1871. Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr., IX. p. 177.

etLEMEYBiE. Eehinid. foss. des Pyrennees; Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr., XIII. p. 319. 1856.
" etTRiGER. Ecbinides de la Sartbe. 1857-1869.

Davila. Catalogue System, et raisonne. 1767.
Dawson, G. W. A week in Gaspe; Can. Nat. and Geol., p. 330. 1858.

" Zool. classif. ; " " " " VII. p. 438.

Dareste. Transl. of Mull. Mem. on Emb. of Ech.; Ann. Sc. Nat., XX. p. 121, 1853; I. p. 153, 1854.
De France. Article Fibulaire ; (Levrlt.) Diet. Sc. Nat., XVI. 1820.
Deiffenbach. Voyages. 1843.

Delle Chiaje, S. Mem. sulla Storia e. Notom. a. s. v. di Napoli, II. 1825.
Derbes. Ann. Sc. Nat., 3™ Ser., VIII. p. 80, PL V.
Des Hayes. Oursins perforants ; Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr., XJJI. 1856.
Des Longchamps, E. In Encyclopedic Methodique. 1824.

" " Catalogue des Cirrhipedes, Moll, et Rayonnes de Deplanche. 1859.

De Luc. Mem. Acad. Roy. Paris, Sav. Et., IV. p. 467. 1763.
Des Moulins, Ch. Etudes sur les Ecbinides. 1834- 1837.
" « " Specification de six Ecbinolampes ; Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, XXVII. 1870.

" " « Epines des Ecbinocidarites ; Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, XXVII. 1870.

Desor, E. Classification des Cidarides; Bull. Soc. Sc. Nat. Neufch. 1856.
Monograpbie des Galerites. 1842.

Echinod. from Nantucket ; Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., p. 67. 1848.
(Monophora) ; Bull. Soc. Geol. France. 1847.
Notice sur les Echin.; Act. Soc. Helv. Sc. Nat., p. 278. 1853.
Synopsis des Ecbinides fossiles. 1854 - 1858.
et Loriol. Ecbinologie Suisse. 1868. — (In public.)
Dickie. Echinus lividus ; Rep. Brit. Ass. A. Sc. 1852.
Donitz. Typ. Bau d. Echinoderm ; Mull. Archiv., p. 406. 1866.
Duben ocb Koren. Ofver. af K. Vet. Akad. 1844 (C. borealis).

" " " Norges Echinod. 1844.

Duchassaing. Animaux radiaires des Antilles. 1850.
" Bull. Soc. Geol. France. 1847.

" Formations modernes de la Guadeloupe; Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr., p. 753. 1855.

Dufosse". Develop, des oursins; Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 44. 1847.
Dujardin, F. In D'Orbigny Diet. d'Hist. Naturelle. 1845-1850.
" et Hupe". Zoophytes Echinodermes. 1862.

4 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Duncan, P. M. Fossil Corals of W. Indies; Qu. Journ. Geol. Soc. London. 1863.

" Fossil Eohinod. from S. Australian Tertiaries; Ann. Mag. N. II., p. 165. Sept., 1864.

In Ann. Mag. N. H., III. p. 248. 1868.

" Anatomy of Amphidetus ; Q. J. Geol. Soc. London. 1868.

" Ecbinod. of S. E. Coast of Arabia; Q. J. Geol. Soc. London, p. 349. 1865.

Duvernoy. Mem. sur quelques points de l'Organis. d. Echinodermes. 1848.

" Test des Oursins; Institut, No. 216. 1837.

Ebray. Etudes Paleont. ; Soc. Emul. du Doubs. 1858.

" Note sur un nouveau genre d'Echin. ; Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr., XV. p. 482. 1858.

Edwards, II. Milne-. Sexe des Oursins; C. R. Acad. Paris, X. p. 780. 1840.

" " " In Cuvier, Ed. Illustree.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY. 5

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6 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Laube, G. C. Die Schichten von St. Cassian; Wien. Akad. 1865.
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* Dr. Kerstcn h:is seen fit, in the Preface to Decken's Pcise, to make an extremely violent and Impudent attack
on the Director of the Museum of Comp. Zoology tor not having laid at his feet the collections of the Museum, made
at Zanzibar. The Director of the Museum has invariably, whenever possible, and for the interest of the Museum, sent
the materials at his disposal to well-known naturalists, not only in this country, but also abroad, as the following
partial lists of collections intrusted to European scientific men will fully show: — Prof. Alluian, Ilarrande, Prof. Geinitz,
Dr. Kolliker, Prof. Keferstein, Prof. 0. Schmidt, Dr. Ehlers, Prof. Selenka, Dr. Sniitt, Dr. Gerstaecker. As Dr.
Kersten had no claim whatever to have valuable collections intrusted to his care, his demand (it was not even a
request) was treated as it deserved. — A. Agassiz.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 7

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NOMENCLATURE.

So much has already been written on the subject of Zoological nomen-
clature that the only excuse I have for adding anything on the subject
is to give the reasons which have prompted me to adopt a somewhat
unusual course in treating this question, and to state explicitly on what
grounds I have adopted views differing radically from those of so many
naturalists.

We seem apparently all agreed in considering synonymy our bete noire,
yet any attempt to introduce reform has invariably raised a general outcry,
and matters have been left to run their course unchanged. The question
naturally arises, if we can go on indefinitely as we are doing. Are we not
bringing Zoology into disrepute, lessening its scientific character, in allowing
a mere shuffling of names to pass as science and place itself as an immovable
barrier to all better work ? Most of us have at some time or other worked
up some monograph in which the questions of nomenclature have ab-
sorbed more time — and with no satisfactory result — than the remain-
ing scientific portions of the paper. Is it not possible . to adopt some
nomenclature which will make it clear to all what we mean without in-
volving this great loss of time ? In all matters of nomenclature there are
two main points to be brought out conspicuously : in the first place, the
original name of the species we are discussing ; and in the second place, its
present position in the Zoological System. The notation to be adopted for
these two points would seem to be simple enough, and so it would be were
we to speak of a species always by its original name ; but when we attempt,
by the notation commonly received, to give a succinct history not only of
the species, but also of the name of the species, it is not remarkable we have
failed to define clearly so much with such a defective nomenclature. Avail-
ability in practice must, after all, modify any principles, which may work
very well as far as one class is concerned. If the principles are conducive
to present stability and direct research again into its proper channel, the
object is gained ; for to obtain ultimate stability of nomenclature is as hope-

12 NOMENCLATURE.

less a task as to fix the limits of a species ; to accomplish that, we must ask
science to come to a stand-still ; but if we are willing to reduce nomencla-
ture to its proper functions, we need not waste, as we do now, our time upon
bibliography.

The attempt to trace the origin of the generic names now in use among
Echinologists is far from giving satisfactory results. There are writers of
three distinct periods who have increased the confusion already existing
at their time.

The first is the period of Linnaeus and Gnielin. They took no account
whatever of what there was good among their predecessors, ignoring as far
as Echinoderms were concerned much valuable work by Klein, Leske, Brey-
nius, which compares very favorably with many papers on the same subject,
even of the present clay. They were followed by Lamarck, who ignored as
completely as his illustrious predecessor the work previous to Linnaeus.

In the second period we have the attempts of Gray, Blainville, Agassi/,
Desmoulins, Desor, to take into account, as far as possible, what had been
omitted by their predecessors, and to give due credit to Breynius, Klein,
Leske, Van Phelsuni, for whatever there was original in their memoirs.
Breynius, as early as 1732, had, to sonic extent, adopted a binomial nomen-
clature, accurately (for his period) discriminated genera and species, many
of which are readily recognized, but which had escaped the notice they
deserved till a comparatively recent period.

In the third period, subsequent to the publication of the Rules of the Brit-
ish Association for the Revision of Nomenclature, we have the writers from
1845 up to the present time, Agassiz, Desor, D'Orbigny, Cotteau, Wright,
Forbes, A. Agassiz, Ltitken, Verrill, and others, who have attempted more or
less successfully to apply these rules, and have in many cases only increased
the existing confusion. By going back to the earliest writers, and restoring
as far as practicable the condition of things then existing, we can see how far
we must modify the nomenclature generally adopted by the Echinologists of
the present day, and yet give due credit to the pioneers of this department
of Zoology. In the discussion of this question I shall not be guided by
any castriron rules of priority, nor do I acknowledge the right of the British
Association, or of any other association of scientific men, to dictate how and
in what way certain fixed axioms (fixed only by them, and subsequently re-
modelled) shall be my guide in the matter of nomenclature. The authority
of great scientific names has just as little to do in this question, and I must

NOMENCLATURE. 13

frankly state that I do not intend to impose the names I propose upon any
one. I shall simply attempt to reconcile the past with the present, and show,
as far as can be ascertained, what species the old authors probably intended
to describe. As far as the question of priority of the specific name goes,
the only guide I shall take is an original or authentic specimen, and when
a species which has once received a definite name can be recognized, the
oldest name shall be preserved to the exclusion of all others, if the change
is based upon authentic specimens, and not simply upon a figure, a guess,
which may or may not be a true one. It is, however, not in the matter of
the specific name that uncertainties and doubts and differences of opinion
are likely to arise, but in the binomial combinations, particularly with refer-
ence to the generic name and the limitations we choose to assign to it.

Scarcely an original investigator recognizes within the same limits all the
genera adopted or proposed by his predecessors. New discoveries must
constantly modify our points of view, and in accordance with this state of
things I look upon binomial combinations as expressing (as a matter of rec-
ord) the opinion of any investigator of the affinities and of the history of the
species mentioned by him in his monograph. I also here wish distinctly to
protest against the habit which has become so prevalent among systematic
Zoologists, to make the rules of the British Association retrospective. We
have no right to go back previous to 1840, and say to Lamarck, "When you
limited the genus Spatangus, you should have included in it only such
species as Spatangus pectoralis; or go back, in 1825, to Gray, and because
he names as belonging to Echinocardium, E. lacunosus, to change all
the species which have, since Lamarck, been separated from Spatangus as
Plai/ionoius, back to Spatangus, change next all species of Spatangus,
making a new name for it and for Plagionohts, change Schizaster into
Echinocardium, suppress Echinocardium, devise a new name hence for
Moera* for Amphidetus, — in fact, I will undertake, by following out
strictly the rules of priority, and other rules as established by the British
Association, for the sake of obtaining greater accuracy, and to simplify
nomenclature, to change the generic and specific names of seven eighths
of the received names of recent Echini, — a process which would be highly
conducive to accuracy, and which I respectfully decline to go through, leav-
ing this pleasant task to others who may feel disposed to undertake it.
To save them trouble they will find all the necessary material in the accom-
panying pages of Synonymy.

* Preoccupied, Leach, 1813, and Hubxer, 1816.

14 NOMENCLATURE.

Can we carry out successfully any laws of nomenclature ? Must we not
always be guided, when treating special cases, by the practice current at
any .given time ? Have we the right to introduce distinctions unknown at
the time of Linnaeus, of Klein, of Leske, for the sake of harmonizing the
past with the existing condition of our knowledge? When Leske says his
Cidaris esculeiita is the Echinus escukntus of Lin., we can only say that,
from what we know now, after examination of authentic specimens, they are
different species, even belonging to different genera; such a comparison
forms a substantial basis for the correctness of our recent specific names.
When we come to apply the same rule to genera, the case is not so simple.
Is it advisable to restore Echinanthus Klkix. as Gray has done, to the
exclusion of Clypeaster of La.mk., when the exact limits of the genus as
understood by Breynius and by Lamarck show that although they included
many identical species, yet they were by no means equivalent? We cannot
afford to lose from the history of the order the early names, but we had
better lose them if we are to introduce them at the cost of making endless
confusion by giving them definite meanings their originators did not intend
them to have. We can, without injustice to subsequent workers, frequently
keep both names; but I claim that where a name is not used in the same
sense in which the originator intended it, it should not be preserved and
substituted to exclude subsequent names representing distinctions and differ-
ences of which the original writer could not have been aware.

Echinoconus Bkeyv, Echinanthus, Echinospatagus, Echinobrissus, need
not be used to the total exclusion of Lamarck's names or of more than one
of the genera into which Echinoconus, etc. has been subdivided subse-
quently ; yet if afterwards any writer limits Echinoconus, etc., such limita-
tion can always be understood or stated, and the old name retained for a
section at least of the many genera each is composed of. I claim that writ-
ers who mentioned as type of a genus certain species did not attach to
it the significance we now do; they used it as an iUustraium of what they
meant by taking a well-known thing, and the very fact that they frequently
made the type of their former genus the type of another, leaving to the
first only other species either originally included or subsequently added,
sufficiently shows what was the current opinion of the nature of a genus at
that particular period. The fact is, that our species stand very much in the
relation of a variable of which we are constantly (or were up to a compara-
tively recent date) attempting to state the value by means of constants.

NOMENCLATURE. 15

Lamarck, in 1801, established Nucleolites and Cassidulus. In 1816 he
transposed the species included in these genera, and we find in one case but
one, in the other not one, of the original species left in the genus ; this we
can interpret in two ways: either Lamarck learned something between 1801
and 1816, extended, with the material at his command, the definition of
the genera, and found that in 1801 he had included in Cassidulus species
which really should have been separated from it ; or else we must say,
Lamarck's interpretation of the genus Cassidulus in 1816 was incorrect,
the only correct definition is that of 1801. I prefer to take Lamarck's view
to my own or that of any other naturalist who, fifty years or more after-
wards, comes upon the stage and tells us what Lamarck meant or should
have meant. Here it is that our confusion begins. It is by our attempts
to interpret with our present knowledge a condition of things which we
can with very best intentions but faintly reconstruct, that we are frequently
doing gross injustice to previous workers. I will take another example,
that of Echinocardium Gray ; he established this genus in 1825, placed in
it what is now known as Moera atropos and Echinocardium cordatum.
Because he afterwards (1835) restricted the genus Echinocardium to the
second species (E. cordatus), and Agassiz subsequently placed in Schizaster
this same (S. atropos), together with S. canaliferus, must we for that reason
go back to the original meaning of Gray, restore Echinocardium for
Moera, cancel all the species of Echinocardium by giving them a new
generic name, — as Agassiz's Amphidetus cannot be retained, being syno-
nyme of Echinocardium, as modified by Gray, not of the original Echino-
cardium, — next make a new name for Schizaster, for that is synonyme of
the typical Echinocardium, and therefore must be dropped ? This is per-
haps an extreme case, but a similar mode of procedure has been adopted in
other somewhat less complicated cases, the proposed recent changes being
based upon old rectifications or emendations of the authors themselves
which late writers have not allowed. I frankly acknowledge I do not see
the strength of the argument which presumes to correct Lamarck fifty years
after he wrote, and correct him, not because he was wrong, but because he
ought not to have done something which the practice of certain Zoologists
of the present day disapproves. It may be highly creditable to a writer's
acumen and critical knowledge of the existing condition of nomenclature
to set up this man of straw and bravely knock him down, but it is not
Zoology, and the sooner this style of writing, based entnely upon books,
and not upon specimens, is clone away with the better.

16 NOMENCLATURE.

Our genera are constantly modified, and all we can do to define them is
to state the limits within which we understand a genus ; hence the difficulty
of applying the rules of priority to generic names where the limits are so
uncertain. The daily increasing list of specific and generic synonymes
but too plainly tells the tale of our ignorance. Are we to attempt to
define with mathematical accuracy what we mean by a species because
we find it convenient to use a binomial nomenclature to express zoological
units? As well attempt to solve an equation of an infinite number
of unknown quantities by means of an equation of the second degree. In
our nomenclature the best we can do at the present time is, by the examina-
tion of original specimens, to ascertain what are the limits at any time of
what we mean by a certain binomial combination, and to express these limits
by our synonymes. The fact is, that we can no longer define species as lias
been customary, and, with all descriptions, their value to other observers
depends generally upon the amount of material at the command of the de-
Bcriber and of the reader. How can we enable others to ascertain what we
mean? Scanty materials from few localities seem to limit a species within
narrow limits, and no difficulties appear. But take an example of one of
the most widely distributed species. — Hippon. variegata, found in Japan,
the Sandwich Islands, Indian Ocean, east coast of Africa, the Red Sea, — and
the diagnosis of the species will be very different if based upon material
limited to any one locality, or perhaps upon African, or Japanese, or Sand-
wich Islands specimens only, and we find them appear as Hipponoe sub-
coerulea or pentagona, or Hipponoe violacea and nigricans.

A large number of systematic Zoologists claim the necessity of recognizing
geographical varieties by means of binomial names or of some kind of nota-
tion. What greater claim have they to be recognized than other categories,
which are all members of the same species? The part these geographical
species play in the limitation of Marine Fauna; is important, and the
limits of our geographical subdivisions are closely linked with our inter-
pretation of species ; we cannot lose sight of the question of geographical
variation any more than we can lose sight of the question of growth of an
individual. But because geographical differences have received certain spe-
cific names before their connection was traced through intermediate grada-
tion from many localities, must we for that reason retain this historical fact,
any more than we are justified in retaining as a specific name the name of
an animal which has afterwards been shown to be the young stage of one

NOMENCLATURE. 17

previously described, or any more than we are justified in retaining the
name of Pluteus paradoxus for the young, Ophiura for the adult, the name
of Coryne for the Hydroid, and of Sarsia for the Medusa, or of Brachiolaria
for the embyro Star-fish, and Asteracanthion for the adult. The synonomy
and history of the species must show us all this, and any student of Inver-
tebrates will readily call up countless instances where, if the principle of
geographical names is once introduced, we might have half a dozen names
which have a stronger claim for recognition to denote the different con-
ditions, the various stages of growth of Echinoderms, Polyps, Acalephae,
Crustacea, Annelids, Insects, Molluscaj and even Fishes where the genetic
connection is not readily traced ; yet no one has ever thought it feasible,
or even advisable, to retain these connecting links, but, on the contrary,
all writers have attempted, as far as in their power, to show why they reduce
the number of appellations. We may call the various stages of growth by
different names, as the Pupa Chrysalis or Imago, the Zoea, the Pluteus, the
Nereis, Heteronereis stage, the Amphioxus stage, — but we stop there ; they
are simply convenient terms to denote our finite knowledge ; and in no
way do we lessen their value by saying that we have no accurate definition
of species, or by saying that species belong to the same categories as genera,
differing only in degree ; and so in admitting all the most zealous evolu-
tionist could require, it does not lessen the fact of the finite condition of
the differences we now notice, and which we call species or genera or fami-
lies or orders, as we class them in various categories. For their transition,
if such a transition does exist, can only take place through an infinite series,
which still leaves the problem capable of a definite solution within fixed
limits at any special time ; and this is all that is needed for our purpose.

We know nature only through individuals, and whatever conclusions we
draw are based upon the examination of a number of individuals show-
ing a certain range of variation within definite limits, and these limits
we call in some cases specific, in others generic, in others ordinal ; and as
long as we confine ourselves to the interpretation of nature, susceptible
from such finite data, we need not trouble ourselves as to the metaphysical
existence of species, genera, etc., or because we have no suitable defini-
tion of species applying to all classes of the animal kingdom, which, in the
present state of biological science, it is absurd to expect. We are agreed
for the present to call certain categories specific, others generic, others
ordinal, and it matters only to us that we should distinctly state the

18 NOMENCLATURE.

limits we assign to these categories in some way readily understood ; and
this the individuals or groups of individuals themselves belonging to the
different categories will supply. Taking a small group like the Echini, in
which the number of species is not large, we can readily follow in all the
species the value of the characters which have been called ordinal, generic,
or specific, and cannot fail to see how inadequate our diagnostic descriptions
become as soon as we attempt to incorporate with them even the scanty
information of the present day of the life history of any one species.

The genera recognized are usually based upon some structural Features
derived from the pedicellariae, the poriferous zone, the character of the tuber-
cles or their arrangement, the abactinal or actinal system, and general facies.
Their value, when tested by our present knowledge of the changes they
undergo, seems limited almost to convenient headings or keys for the more
ready identification of species. Genera, as we recognize them among Echini,
are certainly not founded upon features of general and permanent value, but,
on the contrary, upon features applying only to a few species, and of very
limited application. During the growth of the Sea-urchins of different
groups, certain parts (different for the various divisions) change rapidly,
others do not. and it is to these permanent characters, limited in their appli-
cation, that we must resort as guides for our generic tests.

The structure of the pedicellariae is very variable; in the same species
they may be present in abundance, or totally wanting in specimens living
under the same conditions. Yet. a- characteristic of some groups, they fur-
nish, as far as we know, excellent points of distinction. In some genera the
number of the rows of vertical tubercles is constantly increasing; in others,
the number of the tubercles alone increases. The perforation and crenula-
tion of the tubercles, as far as we can judge from recent species, furnish excel-
lent characters for a class of subdivisions; but what shall we call them?
The poriferous zones give us good features to distinguish such groups in
the adults as Toxopneustes, Toxocidaris, Loxechinus, Sphaerechinus, yet
these same characters would not help us to place the young of the above
in their proper genera; though, knowing the limits of the changes to which
the poriferous zones are subject, they arc an invaluable auxiliary in classifica-
tion, in spite of their uniformity among all the Cidaridae.

The general facies which might, with accuracy, tell us that we deal with
a young Echinometra, would certainly mislead us when we have before us
the young of many a Spatangoid or Clypeastroid. The notches of the actinal

NOMENCLATURE. 19

system, considered of such primary importance, are constantly likely to mis-
lead us, by placing young and old in different genera. The changes in the
abactinal system are as varied, yet, when we have once ascertained what is
the range of variation for a group, the characters it affords are of the utmost
value. In the irregular Echini, where the changes during growth are very
marked, we find genera and species based upon characters the value of
which is not the least understood. The shape, the position of the anus, the
structure of the ambulacra, have always been considered essential ; yet em-
bryology teaches us that nothing varies more during growth than the outline,
that the anus may be placed almost anywhere during the growth of the in-
dividual, and that the ambulacra may at one time be identical with those of
the regular Echini, and pass through all intermediate changes to the petaloid
state. We find, among Spatangoids, in the position of the apex, that of the
mouth, and in the presence of the fascioles, features of primary importance ;
with Clypeastroids the structure of the interior proves thus far our safest
guide ; while among the Echinolamps we come upon a group beset with dif-
ficulties, where everything seems variable, and the changes passed through
from young to adult would warrant placing the different stages of growth in
each of the principal subdivisions established among Echini.

All our characters are variable ; the greater our range of comparison, the
less our standards become fixed or stable. How can we denote all this ? Are
we prepared to use a notation which will express these changes and be in-
telligible ? Can we do more than give a rough sketch of such a condition of
things ? Our notation must be the growth of our knowledge, and its meaning
and application must be simple ; in spite of the definite existence of what
we call species, genera, etc., when we apply these terms to limited regions
and series of the present clay, yet we find them totally inadecpaate to express
our wider interpretation when our standards of comparison are infinite in
time or space.

It is found impossible in practice to determine when a species is sufficiently
described or not ; hence no attempt can be made to discriminate in favor of
this or that name on account of the character of the description. What
was ample to separate the few species of Clypeaster known at the time of
Lamarck becomes useless when describing species of the genus in 1870.
From insufficiently described species (or so considered) we pass imper-
ceptibly to mere catalogue names, known only from specimens deposited
in public museums, or by the distribution of casts, or of types ; finding

20 NOMENCLATURE.

all possible gradations from these mere catalogue names to short diag-
noses, short descriptions, or often a longer one, but not a whit more
useful. What is an ample description to a thorough student or a specialist
will fail most certainly to become adequate to the tyro or the master even
of a different department. Where shall we draw the limit? Shall we take
it for granted that our readers have the same material we have at their dis-
posal, which we know not to be the case, or shall we presume that the stu-
dent who is to consult the work has absolutely nothing except what any
given locality on the coast is likely to furnish him? What appears a most
simple question to be decided by a snap-judgment from small collections as-
sumes a totally different aspect when the materials have been drawn from
all possible quarters of the world ; and in a monograph like the present one,
to attach the same importance and to give an equal amount of space to
each species would be impossible, while a full description of the most char-
acteristic species of each genus (accompanied by figures) seemed the most
appropriate method of dealing with the subject, the descriptions of other
allied species becoming more or less comparative.

At first sight the question of giving to each species its true name (that is.
the name it fust received) seems a perfectly plain one. the choosing of the
older being only a question of our ability to trace this; so it would lie were
we dealing with zoological equivalents. But what we now call our units
(our species) are not the units of the time of [innseus, or of the beginning
of this century, any more than our present units are likely t<> be those of
the last part of this century. Thus, at the very threshold of the question,
we introduce an arbitrary element in our appreciation (from our present
stand-point) of the condition of things at a different period. The names of
these collective species, as they have been called, certainly ought not to dis-
appear from the history of our science, if we can retain them by making
such a limitation of these old units as we find it possible to make with our
present units. Hence, when such a limitation has once been made for good
and sufficient reasons by a previous writer, no one ought, except for better
reasons, to attempt to make a revision of the limitation of these old names,
unless the material at his command, such as an examination of the originals
of the old author or carefully preserved tradition, evidently warrants him
in upsetting generally received combinations. In the interpretation of
such authors as Rumph, Breynius. Leske, Linne, when access to their collec-
tions is no longer possible (as their collections are irretrievably lost), we

NOMENCLATURE. 21

can only be guided by collections made from the same localities, and adopt
what seems most probable as correct, retaining, whenever possible, the
names of the old authors, either for the species, as we now understand it, or
for some part of the old collective name limited in a way which appears to
have the greatest probability in its favor.

The strictest adherence to the rule of priority* must be our only safety
as far as the specific name is concerned ; for once admit only a moderate ap-
plication of this rule, subject to the regulations of any scientific body or
person, and we introduce endless confusion. Each case is to be judged by
itself on its own merits. An old name, and the oldest name, once re-estab-
lished, there is an end to all disputes ; but as long as we except this for one
cause, and that for another, we open the door for endless discussions between
those who wish the exception to be made in one way rather than in the op-
posite, while perhaps they would both agree on the older name. In adopt-
ing an old name, the question of its appropriateness frequently seems a
valid reason for preferring a more recent name, and one apparently more
suitable. The old name was given to the young, or it was an abnormal
condition, while the recent name applies to the usual form ; yet why should

* It is, indeed, puzzling to ascertain with justice when an antique name should be substituted for a
more recent one ; by recent I mean any name posterior to Linnaeus. There are, of course, as a general rule,
all the arguments in favor of the adoption of the time of Linna?us, of some special edition of the Systema
Natura?, as the starting point for the adoption of strictly binomial names. Unfortunately, in the case of
Echinodcrms we can hardly say that Linnauis did even justice to the works of his predecessors. To unite
as Asterias and Echinus all the subdivisions proposed by Link, by Breynius, was certainly a step backward
at that time. Link, Klein, and Breynius specially showed a philosophical treatment of their subject
far in advance of their age, and it was not till after the first quarter of this century that their labors
began to be properly appreciated. This long neglect is certainly no excuse for not adopting wdiat there is
good in their works; and because Linna?us refused it recognition, we should not, if we can, fail to give
them, the pioneers in the study of Echinoderms, due credit for what belongs to them. This difficulty
of establishing the first starting-point for the adoption of the binomial system is not limited to Echinoderms
alone- It occurs in other classes of the animal kingdom. It seems to me that whenever we can, with
the aid of authentic specimens, restore the names proposed by these earlier writers, where, as is frequently
the case, they propose excellent generic divisions, we should not hesitate to adopt them, no matter how
great a disturbance it may bring into recent nomenclature. But I wish to be distinctly understood to
admit that this is only practicable from an examination of authentic specimens, and that I have no wish to
perpetuate names based upon descriptions or figures of old authors, or upon any lucky guess proposed
concerning them. The above remarks apply not only to generic names, but also to specific. We fre-
quently find in old authors, either accidentally or not, binomial names ; these have been restored when an
examination of authentic specimens made it possible. Of course, when no such nomen triviale of Linne
(our specific name) was to be found, no attempt has been made to re-establish from the nomen specijicum
(the diagnoses of our days) a specific name, by selecting a suitable combination.

22 NOMENCLATURE.

that be a reason for its adoption ? What is normal here is not normal
somewhere else ; the young are frequently found in one place, while the old
haunt totally different districts; in one place the old name would be per-
fectly proper ; the other would be, for equally good reasons, adopted in an-
other locality. The same objection may be made to geographical names
when they are the oldest, and yet are found to apply to species of most
extraordinary geographical distribution. It seems, at first glance, very un-
fortunate that the specific names of DnJbachiensis and of sardica* should
have to be retained for species having such an extensive range, — in one
case, from the Sandwich Islands, Japan, Indian Ocean, to the Red Sea; and
in the other, on the two sides of North America, throughout the Northern
Atlantic to Norway and Siberia and the coast of Kamtchatka. There cer-
tainly is nothing in a name if we judge it by its appropriateness, especially
in the case of H. sardica which is not found in Sardinia at all; yet what
do we gain by substituting any of the synonymes, such as neglectus or
saxatilis for Drobachiensis, as lias been frequently proposed? The time
of geographical names is as much a part of the history of our science as
any other, and if it has passed out of date, lei us recognize it in the future
by avoiding such names, but do not let us attempt to obliterate the past of
our history by too much wisdom in our present time. Some writers have
gone so far as to recognize the validity of geographical names for the
sake of showing how far a species was cosmopolitan and the variations to
which it was subject, retaining these names even after all the possible grada-
tions existing between the two extremes had been clearly traced. If we
allow this principle, where shall we stop'.'

The propriety, or rather the feasibility, of retaining the same generic
name in different departments of Natural History has frequently been dis-
cussed. Botanists all agreeing to retain a generic name, even when em-
ployed in Zoology, we need only return the compliment and examine the
possibility of retaining the same generic name in different branches of
Zoology. It is claimed, on the one hand, with great plausibility, that,
owing to the constant and more definite specialization of the different
branches of Zoology, there can be no clashing of any consequence. Some
Entomologists even go so far as to retain the same generic name for the
various sections of entomology when it may be, apparently, employed safely.
They see no objection to a Lepidopterologist. Coleopterologist, an Hyme-
nopterologist. or a Dipterologist duplicating generic names. We strike here

* Hippnno'e variegala A. Agass. from authentic spec, of Klein.

NOMENCLATURE. 23

upon an arbitrary distinction, — what constitutes an independent depart-
ment now is not likely to remain one always ; specialists may hereafter play
a very unimportant part in the general progress of Natural History, and it
seems as if we were knowingly introducing a most fertile element of discord
into the discussion of the stability of generic names, — a question already
sufficiently complicated. Are we to follow this same rule for Echinoderms
and the other Radiates, where the number of species of each order is com-
paratively small ? Can we repeat a generic name in Annelids, in Crustacea,
and in Insects, because they belong to different classes? The intimate con-
nection existing between Echinoderms and some Annelids seems likely to
make a department of these two classes ; and those who study Annelids or
Crustacea are certainly of necessity compelled to have something to do with
other Articulates. In fact, the Marine Invertebrata, Radiates, Mollusks,
Articulates, will always remain a special field of study ; and their connection
with other classes of the same branches is so intimate that we cannot, con-
sistently, draw a line for the retention of generic names, which would be
limited by special departments of study.

When writing the Nomenclator Zoblogicus, Professor Agassiz proposed a
large number of alterations in the spelling of the generic names in accord-
ance with their correct etymology. It certainly would be a most desirable
end to have our generic names etymologically and orthographically correct,
but we are prevented from making the improvement, however desirable,
from our inability to deal with names which have no etymology, and which
we must either throw out or accept as they stand ; if we accept them, we
cannot refuse the same privilege to names partially or nearly correct; so
that, when quoting an author, it is always best to quote him verbatim and
retain his spelling. The only correction allowable seems to be that of the
gender of the specific name attached, which should be corrected in our own
books, but quoted in the synonymy as it stands. For this reason the same
genus in the accompanying Chronological List, when spelled differently, is
always supposed to be a new genus ; of course in the synonymic list this is
not the case, unless it is clearly a typographical error, in which case the fact
is mentioned in brackets. If it were advisable, therefore, to retain Cidaris
and Cidarites, I claim that they are not identical, the termination being am-
ply sufficient to distinguish them ; and we ought not to reject names dif-
fering as little as Moulinia, Moulinsia, Moulinsium, Cassidula, Cassidulus,
simply because they are likely to be mistaken for one another ; in our pres-

24 NOMENCLATURE.

ent condition, with an infinite number of genera, a difference, no matter
how slight, should be sufficient reason for retaining the name instead of
coining a new one, which is just as likely to fall into the same category,
and resemble another name in a different department to as great an extent.
It will compel a little more accuracy in the very class of writers who are so
punctilious and so anxious that nothing should be named twice, but who are
constantly, in spite of this, making two equal three.

The completeness or insufficiency of the diagnosis of a genus is a worth-
less reason for rejecting a generic name; we find all possible gradations
between a mere catalogue generic name and an admirably defined* sec-
tion. The impracticability of defining what a genus is, — for what two
naturalists, working in the same department, admit the same limits '.' — shows
the impossibility of applying to genera, as strictly as to species, the rules
of priority. In old generic divisions which the advance of science lias
subdivided, it is of course advisable to retain the old names for some one
section; but for which section? Here the most opposite views are cur-
rent, one party claiming that you can limit the old name to any group
of species of the original genus, the other that you must apply to these
old generic names the same rules which have been proposed by the British
Association, very likely long after the genus was established. The first
have, at any rate, in their favor, tin' practice of the authors themselves,
whom we find afterwards in their later works limiting their genera to any
group of species originally contained in it. Old names are frequently
thrown out on the occasion of such subdivisions, for not being grammatical,
or for not being spelled correctly. Should we throw out Brissus, as univer-
sally spelled by Latin authors, because they should have spelled it Bryssus,
then we must throw out a more modern genus Leiocidaris because it should
be written Liocidaris, or Echinopatagus because we should say Echino-
spatangus, or Nina and Metalia for which our lexicons furnish us no clew.
Let us remember that probably the greater part of our Zoological genera
is made up with the assistance of a Greek Dictionary, and its correspondent
parts joined to the best of our knowledge and belief; we can scarcely
expect to obtain in this way classical names which the old Greeks would
be willing to father. When, therefore, we take so much pains in presenting
to our readers the derivation of the generic names, we should rather call it
the composition. The meaning of words with the ancients has changed
with the course of time, exactly as we find it in our own language ;

NOMENCLATURE. 25

but no one has for that reason compelled us to go back to the original
meaning of the word, and, furthermore, no one expects it. Our only choice
seems to be to quote an author as we find him, and give him all the benefit
of his spelling, both for the generic and specific name as well as the gender
of the latter. If we find, as is so frequent, Diadema, Echinodiscus .... with
feminine species, Diadema longispina, etc., or Salmacis * sulcatus, Echinodis-
cus aurita, etc., we may correct the gender, but our office must end there.

It seems to be equally available to consider a proper name (Peron) as
Latinicized into ius (Peronius), making the specific name Peronii, or to us
when the case requires it ; or else to consider the name as indeclinable, and
add i to it for the specific name. Changes made, as is frequently done from
one mode of viewing the subject rather than the other, seem inappropriate
for reasons made sufficiently apparent previously.

To incorporate new material into recognized genera simply from descrip-
tions, or even with the help of figures, is almost always an impossibility.
The time has come when such work, at least in monographs, should be
discountenanced, and no recognition paid to the numerous nominal changes,
a mere shuffling of cards, so frequent in our Zoological literature. Let them
receive the distinction they deserve as more or less successful guesses, and let
due recognition be given to work based upon an examination of the originals
or of authentic specimens. If the practice of showing by (*) or (!) what we
know from personal examination were more uniformly adopted, much time
would be saved in discussing subjects about which neither party has any accu-
rate data. This plan has been followed throughout this monograph, and the
(!) — Echinus tuberculatus ! Lam. — means that I have seen the specimens
themselves, or what are considered as such. When there is reason to doubt
the authenticity of the specimen, the question-mark denotes it(!?) — Clda-
ris annellata! ? Gray. The same notation is also used after the locality, —
Sandwich Islands !

It was indeed "a true Pandora's box let loose upon science" when the prac-
tice of adding the authority after a name was adopted. Not that we can
expect even specialists to remember who are the authorities for any partic-
ular combination, but this notation, to be worth anything, must mean some-
thing, and particularly refer us to some place where information on the sub-
ject can be obtained. When I write Echinus ovum Lam., I mean that
in some work of Lamarck's he has mentioned a species (he may have de-

* A Nymph.

26 NOMENCLATURE.

scribed it first there or not) by that name and refer to him for further
information. If I write Amblypneustes ovum Agass., I intend to say that
Agassiz has somewhere mentioned a species by that name, and reference to
the proper work will show if he means a new species or an old species.
If I write Ainblypiintxtea ovum Lam. sp., I may or may not remember
where the genus Amblypneustes was first published, — and in the multi-
plicity of genera at the present day to remember where a genus was first
proposed is as impossible as to remember always where a species was first
described, — the reference simply tells that after Lamarck's time somebody
removed ovum to the genus Amblypneustes, but we get no other informa-
tion to be made available without further search. The practice of regard-
ing the authority given after a quotation simply as a mutter of reference,
and not as conferring any special honor or distinction on the writer quoted,
would go far, I am persuaded, to do away with such constant changes, made
with the only idea, I presume, of gratifying somebody's vanity, for the
change of name teaches us nothing.

The practice of the old writers before the time of Linnams was to cite
authors, and, not being burdened with the question of authority, they were
quoted for the information to be found there. The mode in which our
synonymy is made up will, if analyzed, show us that this is the clearest way,
perhaps, out of the various difficulties. We do not. in making our synonymes,
write simply Amblypneustes ovum Lam. sp., and omit everything else ; we
write

Echinus ovum Lam., 1 816, A. s. V.
Amblypneustes ovum Ac, 1841, Anat. g. Ech.

we refer to the place where information can be obtained, and when speak-
ing of a species we have therefore two ways open. — either to adopt the
method of always quoting it as first named, which is its true name, Eeltiiws
ovum Lam. ; or else to use a reference, — the last reference is not always
the necessary one, but that reference which we think truly expresses our
ideas of its relationship. For this reason I would say Amblypneustes ovum
Agass. If anybody either previously or afterwards has transferred the
species to a genus which does not agree with my views of its affinities, I do
not quote it when speaking of it, while another author may do that in
accordance with his views. Whichever name we adopt, the quotation of
the appropriate place where further information can be found is given,
which is not supplied by writing Amblypneustes ovum Lam. sp. The

NOMENCLATURE. 27

synonymy will always give us the proper place of reference of the special
combination adopted, while placing the first name under this, in place of all
quotations, will show exactly what we mean. We have therefore adopted
the principle of separating from the text all questions of bibliography and of
history, which seem to find their natural place together, but which certainly
are not to be considered Natural History, much as they may serve to clear
our ideas and prevent confusion. By writing, therefore,

Amblypneustes ovum

Echinus ovum Lam., 181G, A. s. V.

Amblypneustes ovum Agass., 1841, Int. Anat. g. Euh.,

I refer the reader at once to the place where the species was first described,
and to the place in the synonymy where he will find the necessary historical
information relating to the adoption of the name Amblypneustes ovum. If
I have occasion to speak of this species, I shall most certainly speak of it as
Aniblf/pneustes ovum Agass., as a mere matter of registration of Agassiz's opin-
ion, which would be accompanied by no special glory to Agassiz, but be
stating my agreement with his views of the affinities of Echinus ovum Lam.

All attempts to discriminate between the baptiser and the describer have
proved futile. The gradations between what we can call a good description
or a bad one, and a mere name recognizable from its connection, make it
useless to draw any invidious distinctions in favor of the describer.

In works written by two authors, they are both quoted as the authority,
unless in the body of the work itself a particular author is specified for cer-
tain species or genera. It is but justice to recognize catalogue names, or
other information, sent to authors writing on a particular subject and pub-
lished by them as manuscript names ; it is furnishing finished material which
would naturally fall under the head of joint authorship as soon as pub-
lished, and due credit should be given to the author of this work, and not
to the author of the volume alone. Free scientific relations must cease if
the imparting information, freely given when asked, is, on account of its
irregular mode of dependent publication, to be ascribed to the recipient
of such information.

When names are changed in the transfer of a species from one genus to
another, to avoid having two species of the same name in one genus, great
care must be taken afterwards, if either of these species undergo a further
change, to restore the original names, when confusion is no longer possible.
The original name is frequently lost sight of in these generic transfers, and
great care must be taken never to obliterate it.

28 NOMENCLATURE.

In the case above mentioned, by adopting for the name to he changed one
of its available synonymes, any transfer of the species afterwards which would
make a return to the original name possible becomes a matter of course.
In fact, we should always as much as possible transfer ourselves back to a
special epoch and reconstruct the existing conditions, not only of the nomen-
clature, but also of the special department we arc investigating. Great in-
justice is too frequently done to memoirs admirable lor their time by judging
them harshly in the light of recent information, frequently gained hy the aid
of the very memoirs so ungenerously treated, which have helped to clear
the ground. It is easy to ameliorate. The man of genius lavs the founda-
tions, while the elaborate superstructure raised by his followers long after
Ins time hides from their view the fact that he has made their part possible.

In giving the synonymy of species which have become historical, which
have a wide geographical range, and are to be found in monographs, hooks
of travel, lists, hand-hooks, it becomes a necessity to cull the long list of
quotations misnamed Synonymes, and to separate what is merely biblio-
graphical from what constitutes the history of the name and the history of
the species. In the history of the species we need all the possible combina-
tions which have been recorded as expressing its affinities, bui for the history
<>f the name we must frequently go back to earlier dates and consult hooks
where we find no information of any value. If the practice were adopted
generally of giving only such quotations as enable us to gain some kind of
information, a better description, notes of the geographical distribution, ana-
tomical or physiological points of interest, we should, little by little, get rid
of an evil which is daily becoming more intolerable. We can hardly expect
our successors to continue to drag this dead weight, and the sooner we get
the benefits of a similar course the better. There are two principal points of
interest, the starting-point, or the original name, and the present interpreta-
tion, or the name we adopt. The one is the variable quantity, the other its
value, in our estimation, for the special case under consideration. Is it neces-
sary that we should always go through all the details of the solution of the
problem? Let us adopt something, at least, from mathematics, and when we
have solved such simple problems on our slate, let us rub out the figures ami
leave the answer; or if we must show how we have solved it, let us publish
the figures on our slates separately, for the benefit of those who cannot, or
will not, follow us ; but let us draw a line at least, and a distinct one, be-
tween the bibliographical part, the name of the species, the history of the

NOMENCLATURE. 29

species, and the natural history of the species. The last plays hut an insig-
nificant part too often, while the history and bibliography encroach upon the
natural history, and to an alarming degree are believed to be substitutes for it-
Zoological monographs must hereafter depend, to a great extent, upon the
examination of authentic specimens, and no one has any claim to ask his
peers to spend their time in testing the accuracy of his guesses. When he
has examined large materials or original collections, his opinions are to be
considered and criticised on other than personal grounds, " sine ira ct studio."
All appeals to unprejudiced people on questions of nomenclature and per-
sonal criticisms, in discussing guesses on questions based most frequently
upon myths, do not increase our knowledge one iota ; and if careful study of
materials at my command has compelled me to differ from the views gener-
ally adopted by most writers on Echinoderms, I am expressing an opinion
based upon extensive materials, and I trust no one of the many friends to
whom I owe the information I have been able to collect will receive my
work in any but the most impersonal manner.

An attempt to carry out these views has been made in this memoir. I
shall consider myself fortunate if I can succeed in persuading others to sim-
plify their work by getting rid, to a great extent at least, of the bete noire
of Zoologists, and apply their time to better things. We can do this without
sacrificing accuracy, or losing our hold upon the past, which is certainly an
important point, but should not be maintained at the cost of preventing all
future progress.

Systematic Zoology, viewed, as it should be, as the connecting link be-
tween the different departments constituting Biology, has a totally different
meaning from mere nomenclature. It becomes an epitome of years of study,
the concise expression of the thoughts of a writer on the affinities of the
animals he is discussing. Systematic Zoologists have, until lately, laid claim
to be exclusively recognized as Zoologists ; they should remember, now at
least, that Physiology, Comparative Anatomy, Morphology, Embryology,
Palaeontology, Histology, Psychology, and Geographical Distribution are as
much a part of Zoology as the mere questions of classification and of no-
menclature. Great as have been the benefits derived by following the pre-
cepts of Linnaeus, we must nowadays return to old Aristotle and take him
for our guide. The Aristotelian view of the whole knowledge of the life of
an animal is the true conception of what Zoology should be ; the conver-
gence towards this broad base of Zoology, by workers in the different fields

30 NOMENCLATURE.

mentioned above, shows the necessity of some element in common to
express the variable quantities constantly obtained in various departments
from a closer and more accurate examination of nature. This element
systematic Zoology furnishes; it gives us the quantities to make our equa-
tions, and when it takes this broad lbrm is no longer a mere dry collection
of meaningless names, but becomes our interpretation of nature. The
facility with which, in a new country, unknown animals can be described,
the notoriety thus readily obtained, is a strong incentive to descriptive
work ; not that I would, as is frequently done, deny all value to systematic
Zoology, but it should not be forgotten that the true purpose of useful
systematic work must be to increase our knowledge of the relationship of
animals to special groups already known, or serve in some way as a con-
necting link in the chain of the various branches of Zoology. We have
our independent memoirs of systematic Zoology, of Psychology, of Palaeon-
tology, of Comparative Anatomy, of Histology, etc., treating of their
respective sciences as isolated departments all strongly biassed by the
characteristics of the sciences from which they originated. Comparative
Anatomy and Physiology, as well as Histology, are the children of Human
Anatomy, and this, in its turn, was gradually developed from the needs of
Medicine. Embryology and Pahvontology, though so intimately connected,
are rarely treated together, the latter being considered to belong, by birth-
right, to Geology. Psychology is but now becoming emancipated from
speculative Philosophy. We have no recent Zoological memoir in the
Aristotelian sense ; the sciences forming the branches of Aristotelian Zool-
ogy stand upon separate pedestals. They have grown up independently
of one another, yet they all converge towards a common point, each an
important part in the life history of every animal; and the common link
which is to unite them all is (when rightly understood) systematic Zoology.
Working in this spirit, systematic Zoology helps us in our attempts to
understand the laws of nature; these must remain unintelligible to him
who is busy with naming and classifying materials, reducing his science to
an art, merely accumulating facts to be stored in museums, forming as it
were a library of nature. To him its books will be inaccessible, and its
laws as inexplicable as are the laws of the motions of the planets to one
who has no knowledge of the existence of gravitation.

EXPLANATION OF THE CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

Everything relating to the history of the name is to be found in a Chro-
nological List of all the species of Echini having binomial names and
all the possible combinations under which these species occur at different
periods. When a name first appears, no matter if a new genus, or species,
or a synonyme, it is printed in a special type (Cidaris). When the same
name appears subsequently, it is printed in a different type ( Cidaris). Each
author, each paper, book, or memoir is kept separate, and receives a special
heading with the quotation of the book, which holds good for all species
arranged strictly chronologically. Thus in

1734.

Klein, Nat. Disp. Echinod.

Cidaris

toieumatica !

Appears for the first time,
appears for the first time.

1758.

LlNNE.

Echinus

rosaceus.

Appears previously,
appears for the first time.

1776.

O. F. Mull.

Echinus Old name.

Drobachiensis ! ? New name.

1778.

Leske, Additamenta ad Klein.

Cidaris

papillata

Appears before.
New species.

32 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1780.

Under Fabkicius

Echinus Appears previously.

saxatilisl? uon Rumph, nee Lin. nee Mull. = Echinus Drbbachiensis Mull. 1 77C

a combination which appears before, but represents a different species identical with a species
previously described by Muller in 1776.

1837.

Desmoulixs

Echinolampas Appears previously.

Richardi (Desml.) non Desmt. = Echinolampas Hellei, Val. 18G9

shows that the Richardi of Desmoulins is a new species which has subsequently received the name
of Hellei in Perrier, Fedicellaires.

Genera are treated in the same way, but, owing to their variable limits, no attempt has been
made to show which are the synonymes, and a generic name when it first appears is always
printed in the heavy type, as Scutella. 1810, Lamarck

When a generic section is proposed, which may or may not be valid, but of which the name is
preoccupied, it is denoted in the following way : —

1869.

A. Acassiz, Bull. M. C. Z.

Lissonotus (A. Ag.) non Schon. 1817.

If it is strictly a synonyme within the same limits of a well-defined older genus, it is denoted as
follows : —

1862.

Duj. Hupe, Fidiin

Poli/aster non Gray, 1840.

the synonymy of the species giving all the necessary information.

To show that a species known previously appears again in a new genus, the following notation is
adopted, if referred to a new genus : —

Clypeaster which appears for the first time under Lamarck in 1801.

rosaceusl as an old species in a new genus. Figures afterwards in Gray, 1825, as

Echinanthus

rosaceusl meaning that Gray transferred rosacens to a genus already established

previous to his time, while a new species of Gray, of the genus Echinanthus, already established,
is denoted thus : —

Echinanthus

testudinarius !
the (!) notation showing at once which types I have personally examined.

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. 33

The only synonymy introduced in the Chronological List is the adding of the original specific
name to a synonyme when it first appears. Thus, in Lamarck, 181 G, we find,

Ecltinus

neglectus! = Echinus Diobachiensis Mull. 1776.

Showing that Lamarck described as a new species what had already been described as Echinus
Diobachiensis by Mullek, or that I consider it to be the same species, which may or may not
be a correct view.

Typographical errors figure as new names, and are denoted as follows: under Forbes, 1844,
we find,

Amphidotus (err. typ.) Amph.id.etus Agass. 1841. The correction is at once indicated.

The light and heavy type are used throughout the book to denote the relations the specific and
generic names bear to the authority of the special case, but it does not necessarily follow that
because we write Encope micropora. under Agassiz in 1841, Mon. Scut., that the genus
Encope was not established by him ; it merely denotes that he described as belonging to Encope
the species micropora, at a different period or in a subsequent paper to the one when Encope
was first established. See 1840, Agassiz, Cat. Syst. Ectyp., Encope grandis, where the genus
was first named.

In the Chronological List fossil genera have been introduced in their proper order.

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

Ahistotle. Hist. Anim., Lib. 4.

'E\tvos.
Bpvo-o-os-
SiraTayyos-
' Exivo|itjTpa.

1554.

Roxdelkt, Libri <le piscibns marinis 1554, p. 578.

Echinus

ovarius = Erf/inns granulans Lam. 1816.
Ei-Li mis Spatagus et Brissus = Spatagus purpureus Mull. 177(1.
Echinometra = Echinus melo Lam. L816.

1606.

Aldrovandi, De reliquia animalibus, IfiOfi.

Echinus

spatagus.
Echinometra maxima pelagica sardica = Echinus melo Lam. 181 G.

1705.

G. E. Kimimi. D'Amboinske Rariteit Kamimr, 1705.
Echinus

esculentus = Cidaris variegata Leskk, 1778.
saxatilis.
niger.
Echinometra

digitata prima.

" secunda.
setosa.
Echinus

sulcatus = Echinantlms humile Lf.ske, 1778.

planus = Laganum Bonani Klein, 1734, et Scutella bifissa Lam. 181 G.

1711.

Schtxvoet Thes. ImaR. 1711, p. 2, PL XIV. f. D.

Diadema

turcarum.

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1717.

Merc ati, Mctallotheca, 1717.

Ananchytes.

1732.

J. F. Breynii, De Ecliinis et Echinitis sive, 1 732.

Echinometra ovalis = Echinus lucunter Lin. 1758.

Echinoconus.
Echinocorys.
Echinanthus

vertice = Scutum ovatum Klein, 1734.

Echinospatagus

cordiformis = Echinus cordatus Penn. 1777.??

Echinobrissus.
Echinodiscus

dimidia

maximus = Echinus placenta Lin. 1758.

1734.

J. T. Klein, Natnralis dispositio Echinodermatum, 1734.

Cidaris

miliaria esculenlal = Cidaris esculenta (Leske) 1778.

" saxatilis] = Cidaris saxatilis (Leske) 1778.

" hemisphaerica = Cidaris hemisphaerica Leske, 1778.

" angnhsa ! = Cidaris angulosa Leske, 1778.
variolala Rumphii Echinus setosus.

eUypt

ical

mammillata '
mauri.

assulata Aldrovandi Echinometra max. pel. Sardica — Cidaris saidica Leske, 177*
" Jlammea = Cidaris flammca Leske, 1778.
" variegata ! == Cidaris variegata Leske, 1 778.
•' pustulosa = Cidaris pustulosa Leske, 1778.
" granulata= Cidaris graniilata Leske, 1778.
bothryoides.
toreumatica !
Clypeus.
Fibula.
Conulus.
Discoides.
Cassis.
Galea.
G-aleola.
Scutum

angidare humile ! = Echinanthus humile Leske, 1778.
ovatum.
Placenta
Mellita
laevis.
testudinata '
Laganum
Bonani '
Rumphii '

3G

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1734. Klein {continued).

Placenta
Rotula
Augusti !
Rumphii !
Arachnoides.
Cor Marinum
Spatangus
it graecum.
Spatagoides.

Ovum Manumit

Brissus

maculosus angustns ! = Echinus maculosus Gmel. 1788.
" ventricosus = Spatangus ventriCOSUS Lam. 1816.

unicolor !
Brissoides.

1742.

Gualtieri, Index testarum conchyliorum, 171 -j.

Echinometra

compressa

Echinanlhus

oralis

Echinodiscus

subrotundus

1745.

C. Lixxe*, Fauna Suecica, 1745.

Echinus

subglobosus =- Echinus esculenlus Linn. 1758, non RiMi'ii.
subcompressus ■= Echinus spaiagus Linn. 17.">m, non Aluiiov.

1756.

Lang, Lapid. figur 1756.

Ecbinometrites

1758.

Seba, Lociiplct. Thesaurus III. 1758, p. 18, PL X.-XVI.\

Echinus indigents = Echinus miliaris Mil. I.. 1771.

oblongo-rotundus = Echinus lucunter Lin. 1778.

nodiformis = Echinus punCtulatUS Lam. 1816.

Kermcsinus = " " " "

singidaris = Echinus ovatus Gmel. 1788.

indicus = Cidaris angulosa Leske, 1778.

cordiformis = Echinus coi'datus lV.xx. 1777.

oblongus = Echinus maculosus Gmel. 1788.

orientalis = Scutum ovatum Klein, 173 1.

* The genera bfBreynius were adopted by Gualtieri; he gave no binomial names, strictly speaking.
t Seba has no binomial names, yet as many of his names have been quoted as binomials, those only
which have been used in this way are here given. ( signifies a word left out.)

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. 37

1758. Seba (continued).

Echinus maximus = Echinus rosaceus Lin. 1758.

americanus = " " " "

orientalis = Cidaris esculenta (Leske). 1778.

purpurascens = Echinus miliar is Mii.i.. 1771.

pergrandis = Cidaris pustulosa Leske, 1778.

aculeatus = Echinus subglobosus Lin. 1745.

Echinometra orientalis = Cidaris mammillata Klein, 1734.

nigra

mullipes

purpurea

singularissima = Cidarites geranioides Lam. 1816.

setosa = Echinometra setosa Rumfh. 1705.

muscosa Cidarites metularia Lam. 1816.

minor.

Echionanthus major = Cidaris radiata Leske, 1778.

maximus = Echinus grandis Gmel. 1788.

maximus = Echinodiscus auritus Leske, 1778.

Echinus laganoides = Mellita testudinata Klein, 1734.

planus = Echinanthus humile Leske, 1778.

Echinodiscus minuscida = Rotula Rumphii Klein, 1734.

minima

Echinus scutiformis = Echinus reticulatus Lin. 1758.

ellipticus = Brissus unicolor Klein, 1734.

1758.

Linne\ Systema Naturae Ed. decima ref. 1758.

Echinus

esculentus non RuMrH. = Echinus subglobosus Linn. 1745.

globulus.

sphaeroides.

lixula.

saxatilis (Linn.) non Rdmph. = Echinus lividus Lam. 1816.

diadema.

cidaris.

mammillatus.

lucunter.

atratus.

spatagus non Aldrov. = Echinus subcompressus Linn. 1745.

lacunosus.

rosaceus.

reticulatus.

placenta.

orbiculus.

1764.

Petivek, Gazophylacii Nat. et Artis Decades, 1764.

Echinus

setosus.

perexiguus = Spatagus pusillus Mull. 1776.

Echinometra

digitata = Cidarites metularia Lam. 1816.

38

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1771.

P. L. S. Muller, Deliciae Naturae, Kxorr, 1771.

Echinus

miliaris.
Echinomelra

setosa (Mull.) non Rumpel = Spatagus pusillus Mull. 1776.

1774.

Echinus

calamaris.
minutus.

Pallas, Spieilegia Zoologies, Fas. IX. 17 7-1.

1774.

EcliinoiiGiis.
Echinocyamus.

Van Phelsum, Brief 1774.

1776.

O. F. Muller, Prodromus Zobl Dan. 1776.
Echinus

sphaera ! ? = Echinus subglobosus Lin. 17 15.

Drobachiensis ! ?

saxatilisl? non Rumpel nee Lin. = Echinus miliaris Mull. 1771.
Spatagus (err. ty|>.) Spatangus Klein, 1734.

flavescens ! ?

pusillus ! ?

purpureus ! ?
Pedicellaria

1777.

Echinus

cordatus.

Pennant, Briti-h Zoology, IV. 1 77., p. 58, PI. XXXIV. f. -'.

1778.

Echinosinus.*
Echinites.

Echinodiscoides.

Echinoplacos.

Ecliinomitra.

Eckinorodum.

Amyydala.

Leskk, Additamenta ad Klein, 1778.

Latin Translations of Van Plii;lj=uni't> uiuncs.

* These names are universally attributed to Van Phelsum. Lutken first showed that Van Prel-
BUM only proposed two genera, Echinoneus ami Echinocyamus, Leske giving Latin names, without
adopting them however, to the subdivisions of Van Phklsum which hail received from him only ver-
nacular appellations. Aoassiz, Gray, and other writers have even quoted Van Phelsum for specific

names, these are also nothing but Leske's Latin translations of Van Phelsl'm's names, as in the case
of the genera ; they are here given as they appear.

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. 39

1778. Leske {Latin translations continued).

Ova.

Nuces.

Campana.

Echinocardium.

Echinophora.

Echinus coniformis = Cidaris escidenta (Leske), 1778.

decemradiatus = " " "

Carduum marinum = Cidaris Basteri Leske, 1778.
Echinus pentagonus = Cidaris angulosa Leske, 1778.
Echinometra subrotunda = Cidariles metularia Lam. 1816.

latefasciata = Cidaritcs imperialis Lam. 181G.
Comeia parva = Cidaris Stellata Leske, 1778.

magna = Cidaris radiata Leske, 1778.
Echinometra violacea = Echinus atratUS Lin. 1758.
Echinoglycus irregularis = Mellita laevis Klein. 1734.
Echinotrochus perforatus = Echinodiscus sexiesperforatus Leske, 1778.
Echinoglycus frondosus = Echinodiscus emarginatus Leske, 1778.

auritus = Echinodiscus auritus Leske, 1778.

inauritus = Echinodiscus auritus Leske, 1778.

oblique = Echinodiscus emarginatus Leske, 1778.

pentagonus = Echinus reticulatus Lin. 1758.

ovalis = Echinus reticulatus Lin. 1758.
Echinotrochus octodigitatus = Rotula Augusti Klein, 1734.

1778.

N. P. Leske, Addit. Klein, 1778.
Cidaris

escidenta (Leske) non Rumph. nee Lin.

saxatilis " " " = Echinus miliaris Mull. 1771.

Basteri.

hemisphaerica.

angulosa.

diadema.
Cidarites.
Cidaris

subangularis.

fenestrata pars = Echinus atratus Lin. 1758.

lucunler.

rupestris.

calamaris.

araneiformis.

stellata.

radiata.

violacea = Echinus atratus Lin. 1758.

papillata.

sardica-

flammea.

variegata.

pustulosa.

granulata = Echinus globulus Lin. 1758.

40 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1778- Leske (continued).

Echinoneus

cyclostomus.

minor.
Echinocorytes
Echinanthus

humile

ovatus.
Echinanthites.
Echiitodiscus

bisperforatus = Mellita laevis Klein, 1734.

quinquiesperforatus = Mellita testudinata Klein, 1734.

sexiesperforatus.

emarginatus.

anritus

inauritus = Echinodi&cw auritus Leske, 1778.

quaterperforatus = Echinodiscw emarginatus Leske, 1778.

laganum = Laganum Bonani Klein, 1734.

reticularis.

orbicularis.

deciesdigitatus = Rotula Augusti Klein, 1734.

octiesdigitatus = " - " "

dentatus = Rotula Rumphii Klein, 1734.
Echinocyamus

nucleo cerasi = Echinus minutus Pall. 177 1.

ervum = " " " "

vertice centrali = " " " "

craniolaris = " " " "

turcicus = " « " "

vicia = Spatagus pusillus Mull. 177G.

ovatus = Echinus minutus Pall. 1771.

lathyrus = " '• " "

equinus = " " " "

angulosus = Spatagus pusillus Mill. 177G.

ovalis = " " " "

inaequalis = Echinus minutus Pall. 1774.

cor ranae = " " " "

cor raninum = " " " "

Echinarachnius

placenta.
Spatangus

lacunosus.

pusillus.

purpareus.

Urissus

" var. maculosus.
" " unicolor.

" " ovatus.

" late carinutus = Echinus carinatus Gsiel. 1788-
ovatus.
Spatangites.

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. 4 J

1780.

Fabricius, Fauna Greenland. 1780, No. 368.
Echinus

saxatilis non Rumph. nee Lin. nee Mull. = Echinus Drobachiensis Mull. 177G.

1782.

Molina, Saggio sulla storia naturale del Chili, 1 782.
Echinus

albus.

niger i Mol.) non Rumph.

1782

Bonanni, Rer. Nat. Historia, 1782, p. 9, PL VI. f. 33.

Echynus (err. typ.) Echinus.

complanatus = Laganum Bonani Klein, 1734.

1788.

Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1788.
Echinus

Basteri.

hemisphaericus.

angulosus.

gratilla.

subangidaris.

fenestratus.

araneiformis.

stellatus.

radiatus.

assulatus

sardicus.

flammeus.

variegatus.

pustulosus.

granulatus.

toreumaticus.

cyclostomus.

semilunaris = Eckinoneus minor Leske, 1778.

scutiformis uon Van Phel. = Echinus reticulatus Lin. 1758 (pars).

oviformis = Scutum ovatum Klein, 1734.

biforis == Mellita laevis Klein, 1734.

pentaporus = Mellita testudinata Klein, 1734.

hexaporus = Echinodiscus sexiesperforatus Leske, 1778.

emarginatus.

auritus.

inauritus.

tetraporus = Echinodiscus emarginatus Leske, 1778.

laganum.

orbicularis.

decadactylos = Rotula Augusti Kllin, 1734.

octodactylos = " " >« "

nucleus = Echinus minutus Pall. 1774.

centralis = " •• " "

42 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1788. GMELIN (continued).

Echinus

ervum.

craniolaris.

turcicus.

vicia.

ovulum = Echinus minutus Pall. 1771.

lathyrus.

equinus.

faba = Echinus ininutus Pall. 177 1.

inaeqnulis.

raninus = Echinus minutus Pall. 177 1.

bufonius = " " " "

purpureus.

pusittw.

maculosus.

major = Echinus maculosus Gmel. 17ss.

nodosus.

orthopetalus = Brissus unicoior Klein, 17:; I

unicolor.

ovatus.

carinatus.

grandis.

1789

Abildoaaud, Zocil. Danica, 1789.

Spatangus

pusillusl't non Leske nee Mill. Prod.
flavescens.

1801.

Lam ikck, Systeme dea Animaux sans Vertebres, 1801.
Galerites.
Nucleolites.
Cassidulus

caribaearum !
Clypeaster

rosaceus !
pentaporus !

1812.

Pennant, British Zoolojry, 2d Ed 1812, p. 140, PI. XXXVIILf. 1-4-
Echinus

pulvinulus = Spatagus pusillus MiiLL. 177L.

1815.

Leach, Zuol. Miacell. II 1815, p. 68. PI. LXXXJI.
Spatarigus.

Australasiae.

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. 43

1816.

Lamarck, An. s. Vert. 1816.
Scutella

dentata !

digitata ! = Rotula Augusti Klein, 1734.

emarginata !

sexforis ! = Echinodiscus sexiesperforatus Leske, 1778.

quinquefora ! = Mellita testudinata Klein, 1734.

quadrifora = Echinodiscus emarginatus Leske, 1778.

bifora! = Mellita laevis Klein, 1734.

bifissa = Echinodiscus auritus Leske, 1778.

orbicularis] iLamk. i 11011 Leske.

placenta !

parma !

placunaria ! = Echinanthus humile Leske, 1778.

latissima !

ambigena ! = Echinanthus humile Leske, 1778.
Clypeaster

scutiformis !

laganum !

oviformis !
Fibularia

trigonal? = Echinus minutus Pall. 1774.

oculum \

tarentina! ? = Spatagus pusillus Mull. 1776.
Echinoneus

semilunaris !

gibbosus ! = Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske, 1778.
Spatangus

pectoralis ! = Echinus grandis Gmel. 1788.

ventricosus '.

carinatus !

columbaris ! = Echinus ovatus Gmel. 1788.

compressus ! = Echinus maculosus Gmel. 1788.

Crux Andreae ! = Spatangus Australasiae Leach, 1815.

stern alls !

planulatus !

canaliferus ! = Echinus lacunosus Lin. 1758.

atropos !

arcuarius! = Echinus cordatus Penn. 1777.
Cassidulus

australis ! = Cassidulus caribaearum Lamk. 1801.
Echinus

ventricosus ! = Cidaris esculenta (Leske 1. 1778.

granulans ! ?

virgatus ! ? = Cidaris sardica Leske, 1778.

globiformis ! = Echinus subglobosus Lin. 1745.

fasciatus ! = Cidaris sardica Leske, 1778.

pileolus !

melo !
acutus !

pentagonus ! = Cidaris sardica Leske, 1778.

44 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1816. Lamarck (continued).

Echinus

obtusangulus ! = Echinus pileolus Lam. 1816.

polyzonalis I = "

maculatus !

variolaris !

margaritaceus !

sculptus ! = Cidaris toreumatica Klein, 1734.

punctulatus !

ovum !

pallid us !

variegotus ! (Lam) non Leske.

subangulosus ! = Cidaris angulosa pars Leske, 1778.

subcoeruleus ! = Cidaris sardica Leske, 1778.

neglectus ! = Echinus Drbbachiensis Mull. 1 77«>.

lividus ! = Echinus saxatilis (Lin.) 1758, non Rumph. nee Mull.

tuberculatus !

I iti-it liter \ (Lam.) non LlN.

trigonarius !
Cidarites

imperialis !

pistillaris ! = Cidarites baculosa Lamk. 1816.

hystrix ! = Cidaris papillata Leske, 1778.

baculosa

gei anioides !

tribuloides !

metularia !

verticillata !

tubaria !

bispinosa '

annulifera !

spinosissima ! =- Diadema turcarum Schtn. 1711.

calamaria !

subularis ! = Diadema turcarum Schtn. 171 1.

diadema] (Lam.) non Lin.

pulvinata !

radiata !

1817. ?

Fleming, Wern. Mem. 1817?, II. 246.
Echinus

miliaris non Mull, nee Risso = Echinus acutUS Lam. 1816.

1820.

De France, Article Fibulaire, Diet. Seiene. Nat. XVI. 1820.
Fibularia

nucleum.
craniolaris.
tnrcicus.
vicia.

CHKONOLOGICAL LIST. 45

1820. De France {continued).

Fibularia

ovatus.

latyrus (err. typ.) lathyrus.

angulosa

minutus.

oralis.

inaequalis.

1824.

Eudes DesLongchamps, Enc. Meth. Vers. II. 1824.

Echinus

Solaris Val. = Rotula Rumphii Klein, 1734.

hura.

margarilaceus non Lam. = Oidaris pustulosa Leske, 1778.

punctiferus = Echinus globulus Lin. 1758.

attenuatus.

elegans = Cidaris toreumatica Klein, 1734.
Cassidulus

Richardii = Cassidulus caribaearum Lam. 1801.
Fibularia

nucleola = Echinus minutus Pall. 1776.
Scutella

integra.

porpita = Echinus placenta Lin. 1758.

1824.

Fleming, Wern. Mem. 1824, V. 287.
Spatangus

ovatus non Leske, nee Lam. = Spatagus flavescens Mull. 1776.

1825.

Blainvili.e, Diet. Scienc. Nat Oursin, 1825.

Echinus

loculatus! = Cidaris pustulosa Leske, 1778.

stellatus ! (Blainv.) non Gmel.

aequituberculatus !

Dufresnii !

pseudomelo ! = Echinus esculentus (Lin.) 1758, non Rumph.

quinqueangulatus ! ? " " " " " "

auranticus!? " " '

violaceus!?

paucituberculatus ! = Echinus variolaris Lam. 1816.

minimus ! = Cidaris angulosa Leske, 1778.

excavatus ! = Echinus variegatus (Lam.) 1816, non Leske.

trizonalis! = Echinus pileolus Lam. 1816.

depressus! = Echinus maculatus Lam. 1816.

vulgaris!? = Echinus saxatilis (Lin) 1758, non Rumph. nee Mull.

Gaimardi !

equituberculatus ! = Echinus granulans Lam. 1816.

dubius ! ? =

46 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1825- Bi.aixvii.ee (co7Uinued).

Echinus

microtuberculatus !

molaris ! = Echinometra setosa Rumph. 1705.

longispina ! = Echinometra setosa Rumph. 1705.

subglobiformis ! = Echinus granulans Lam. 1816.

inflatus! = Cidaris variegata Leske, 1778.

Peronii! = "

Leschenaulti ! = Echinus variolaris Lam. 1816.

Maugei ! = Echinus lucunter (Lam.) 1816. non Lin.

Mathaei! = " " " " "

acufer ! = Echinus lucunter Lin. 1758.

oblongus !

lobatus!? = Echinus lucunter Lin. 1758.

Quoy ! = Echinus atratus Lin. 17.">s.

pedifer ! = "

1825

Delle Chia.ie, Mem. s. Star. e. Not. degl. An. senz. Vcrteb. 1825, December.

Echinus

neapolitanus = Cidaris pustulosa Leske, 1778.
spatagus non Lin. = Brissus unicolor Klein, 1734.
veniricosus non Lam. = Echinus melo Lam. 1816.

1825.

J. E. Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825.

Cidaris

imperialis !
Diadema

setosa ! (Gray) non RfMriL

calamaria !
Astropyga

radiata !
Echinometra

haunter !

mammillata !

atrata !
Echinanthus

rosciceus !

subdepressa !

ambigenn.
Lagana (err. typ.) Laganum Klein, 1734.
laganum !

scutiformis !
minor.
Echinaraclin ius
parma !

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1825. Gray (continued).

Echiuodiscus

bifora !

digitata !

octodactylus !
Echinocyamus

ovulum

pusillus !

tarentina

trigona
Discoidea (err. typ.) Discoides Klein, 1734.
Echinanaus (err. typ.) Echinoneus Van Phel. 1774.

cyclostomus !
Echinolampas

oviformis !

orientalis = Scutum ovatum Klein, 1734.
Echinocardium

atropos !

pusillus

Seba! = Echinus cordatus Penn. 1777.
Brissus

ventricosus !

carinatus !

columbaris !
Ova

canaliferus !

1826.

Kisso, Hist. Nat. Prod. Europ. Merid. 182G, V. p. 27G.
Echinus

sardicas non Gmel. nee Lam: = Echinus melo Lam. 1816.

miliaris non Mull, nee Flem. = Echinus microtuberculatUS Blainv. 1825.

purpureus non Mull, nee Gmel. = Echinus saxatilis (Lin.) 1758, non Rumph.

brevispinosus = Echinus granulans Lam. 181 G.
Spatangus

carinatus non Lam. = Brissus unicolor Klein, 1734.

meridionalis = Spatagus purpureus Mull. 1776.

1827.

Blainville, Article Scutelle, Dirt. Sciene. Nat. 1827, XL VIII.
Scutella

Rumphii '

semisol ! = Rotula Rumphii Klein, 1734.

decadactylos.

octodactylos.

reticulatus.

laganum !

clypeastriformis I ? = Echinus reticulatus Lin. 1758.

decagonalis Less. !

48 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1827.

Blainville, Article Spatangue, Diet. Scienc. Nat. 1827, L. p. 87.
Spalangus

grandls

G-ualterii = Echinus lacunosus Gmkl. 1788.

1827.

Say, Journ. Acad. Phila. 1827, p. 225.
Echinus

granularisl? non Lam. = Echinus Drobachiensis Mull. 177G.
Scutella

pentaphora!? = Mellita testudinata Klein, 1734.
trifaria ! ? = Scutella parma Lam. 1816.

1828.

Fleming, Brit, Anim. 1828.
Echinus

subangularis non Leske = Echinus Drobachiensis Mri.i. 177(1.
Spatungus

cordalus.

1830.

Blainville, Zoophytes Diet. Scienc. Xat. L880, LX.
Spatangus

unicolor.

Echinoclypeus.

Echtnocyamus

minutus ! ?
Lagana

ovalis : = Echinus scutifonnis Gmel. 1778.
orbicularis !

decagona Less. (err. typ.) Scutella decagonalis Less.
Olypeaster

ambigenus !
Echinodiscus

placunaria I

lutissima !

placenta !

parma !

Rumphii !
Scutella

hexapora !

pentapora'. = Mellita testudinata Klein. 1734.

biforis \

tetrapora.

aurita \

inaurita I

octodactyla !

decadactyla.

radiata! = Rotula Rumphii Klein. 1734.

CHEONOLOGICAL LIST. 49

1830. Blainville (continued').

Echinometra

Leschenaulti !

Maugei !

Mathaei !

acufera !

oblonga !

lubata !

Quoyii !

pedifera !

carinala !

trigonaria !
Echinus

parvituberculatus = Echinus microtuberculatus Blainv. 1825.

mola (err. typ.) molaris Rlainv. 1825.

minutus (err. typ.) minimus Blainv. 1825.

quinqueangulosus (err. typ.) quinqueangulatus Blainv. 1825.
Oidaris

hystrix !

geranioides !

pistillaris !

calatnaria !

metularia !

tribuloides !

1833. ?

Eschscholtz, Zool. Atl 1833 ? , PJ. XX. f. 1, 3.

Scutella

excentrica.

quinqueloba = Echinodiscus emarginatus Leske, 1778.

1835.

J. E. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1835, April.
Arbacia

puslulosa.

punctulata !

loculata.

stellata.

equituberculata (err. typ.) aequituberculata.

Dufresnii.
Salenia-
Echinometra

miliaris !

paucituberculata.

minuta.

ovum.

pallida.

grisea.

livida.

parvituberculata.

mola.

longispina.

subgfobiformis.

variolaris.
tuberculata.

50

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1835.

Brandt, Prodromus, 1835, May.

Echinus

Strongylocentrotus
chlorocentrotus ! = Echinus Drobachiensis Mull. 1776.
Hindus.

parviluberculatus.
mola.

longispina.
subglobiformis.
tubercidatus.

Heterocentrotus

carinatus.

Postellsii = Cidaris mammillata Klkin, 1734.

trigonarius.

mammillatus.

taeniatus = Echinus trigonarius Lam. 1816.
Colobocentrotus

Mertensii.

Leskei = Echinus atratus Lix. 1758.

Quoyi.

pedifer.
Cidarites

Phyllacanthus

dubia

imperialis.

hystrix.

geranioides.

pistiUaris.

tribuloides.

1835.

Pyrina.

Echinocidaris.

Collyrites.

Desmouxins, Tableau Analytique, 1835, July.

1836.

Echinocrinus.
Dysaster.
Holaster.
Hemipneustes.

Micraster

canal if erus !

lacunosus
Amphidetus

Sebae

pusillus.
Brissus

pecloralis !

L. Agassiz, Prodrome, 183G, July.

1836

Brissus

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.
L. Agassiz (continued').

51

Scillae ! = Brissus unicolor Klein, 1734

compressus !

sternalis !
Schizaster

atropos !
Catopygus.
Pygaster.
Glypeastcr

subdepressus.
Echinarachn ins

placunarius !

latissimus !

Rumphii !
Diadema

spinosissimum

subulare !

pulvinatum !
Cidaris

annvlifera !

1836.

Nucleolites

recens !

Milne-Edwards, Cuv. Reg. An. Ed. 111. 1836.

1837.

Desmoulins, Tableaux Syn. 1837.

Clypeaster

incurvatus = Echinus reticulatus Lin. 1758 (pars),
rangianus = Echinanthus subdepressus Gray, 1825.
reticidatus.

Rumphii = Echinanthus humile Leske, 1778.
Scutella

bifora non Laji. = Mellita laevis Klein, 1734.
bilinearifora = Scutella bifora Lam. 1816.
cassidulina = Eckinodiscus emarginatus Leske, 1778.
Fibularia

australis.
Galerites

echinonea = Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske, 1778.
Eckinometra

Blainvillii = Cidaris mammillata Klein, 1734.
pugionifera = Echinus trigonarius Lam. 1816.
snbangularis.
Postelsii.
Mertensii.
Echinus

Blainvillii = Echinus variegatus (Lam.) 1816, non Leske.
auguifer = Echinus variolaiis Lam. 1816.
Echinocidaris

pustulosa.

52 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1837. Desmoulins (continued).

Echinocidaris

punclulata.

loculata. !

stellata.

aequituberculata.

Duf remit.
Diadema

stellatum.

Desmarestii = Echinus variolaris Lam. 1816.

radiuttim.
( 'iihtris

dubia.
Echinolampas

Richardi (Desml.) non Desmt. = Echinolampas Hellei Val. I860 in Perr.
Nucleolites

Richardi.
Spatangus

Rumphii = Echinus maculosus Gmel. 1788.

Reaumurii = Echinus cordatus Penn. 1777.

L. AOASSIZ, Mon. Ech. Salen. 1838.

L. Agassiz, Echin. Foss. Suiss I. 1839.

1838.

Goniopygus.

Peltastes.

Goniophorus.

1839.

Pygorhynchus.
Conoclypus.
Pygurus.
Hyboclypus.

1840.
Cyrtoma.

1840.

J. E. Gray, Syn. Cont. Brit. Mus. 1840, November.
Hipponoe.

Colobocentrus (err. typ.) Colobocentrotus Brandt, 1835.
Heterocentrus (err. typ.) Heterocentrotus Brandt, 1835.

1840.

L. Agassiz, Echin. Suiss. II. 1840.
Tetragramma-
Acrocidaris.
Pedina.

McClelland, Calcu. Journ. N. II. I. 1840, p. 155, July.

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. 53

1840- L. Agassiz {continued).

Acrosalenia.

Hemicidaris.

Arbacia (Agass.) non Gkat.

G-lypticus.

1840.

L. Agassiz, Cat. Syst. Ectyp. 1840.

Toxaster.

Brissopsis.

Nucleopygus.

G-lobator.

Caratomus.

Amblypygus

Heliophora.

Amphiope

Encope

grandis.
Echinopsis.

Cyphosoma (Agass.) non Mann. 1837.
Acropeltis.
Coelopleurus.
Codiopsis.
Podophora

atrata !
Acrocladia

mammillata !

1841.

Gould, Rep. Inv. Mass. 1841, p. 344.
Echinus

granulatusl non Gmel. = Echinus Drobachiensis Mull. 1776.

1841.

Forbes, British Starfishes, 1841.
Echinus

Flemingii!? Ball = Echinus acutus Lam. 1816.
Brissus

lyrifer ! ?
Amphidotus (err. typ.) Amphidetus Agass. 1836.

cordatus ! ?

roseus !r = Spatagus flavescens Mull. 1776.

1841.

Sismonda, Mem. Acad. Turin. 1841.

An aster.

54 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1841.

L. Agassiz, Int. Mon. Scut. 1841, July.

Temnopleurus

toreumaticus !
Cidaris

bothryofdes (Agass.) non Ki.ein,
Pleurechinus

botliryuides !
Echinus

versicolor ! Val. = Echinus globulus Lin. 1758.
Microcyphus

versicolor !
Tripneustes

ventricosus !
Amblypneustes

griseus !
Toxopneustes

pileolus !
Stomopneustes

variolaris !
Tetrapygus.
Agarites.

L. Agassiz, Mon. Scut. 1841.

1841.

Rotula

digilata !
Runa
Mellita

quinquefora !

hcxapora !

similis ! = Echinus hexaporus Gmkl. 1788.

lobata ! = Echinodiscus emarginatus Leske, 1778.
Encope

emarginata !

tetrapora ! (Agass.) non Leske, nee Gmel. = Encope micropora Agass. 1841.

micropora !

perspectiva! = Encope micropora Agass. 1841.

cyclopora = " •• "

oblonga ! = Echinodiscus emarginatus Leske, 1778.

Valenciennesii = " " " "

subclausa ! — " " » *

Michelini !

Stokesii !
Lobophora (AgaSS.) non Curt, nee SERV.

bifora !

truncata ! = Mellita laevis Klein, 1734.
bijissa !
aurita !
Echinarachnius

atlanticus! Gray = Scutella parma Lam. 1816.

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. 55

1841. L. Agassiz (continued).
Arachnoides

placenta !
Scutellina
Laganum

depressum ! Less.

ellipticum = Laganum depressum Less. 1841.

decagonum! = Scutella decagonalis Less. 1827.

Tonganense! Q. G. = Laganum depressum Less. 1841.

Lesueuri ! Val. = Scutella decagonalis Less. 1827.

elongatum !

rostratum !

orbiculare !

marginale ! = Echinodiscus orbicularis Leske, 1778.

stellatum ! = Laganum Peronii Agass. 1841.

Peronii !
Moulinia

cassidulina !

1841.

L. Agassiz, Introd. Valent. Anat. Genre Echinus, 1841, December.

Echinus

albidus! = Echinus saratilis (Lin.) 1758, non Edmph.

pustulatus! = Echinus-miliaxis Mull. 1771.

pulchellus! = Echinus microtuberculatus Blainv. 1825.

decoratus ! = "
Microcyph us

maculatus !
Salmacis

bicolor !
Tripneustes

subcoeruleus !

obtusangidus !
Amblypneustes

ovum !
Oidaris

granulata ! (Agass.) non Leske.
Holopneustes

granulatus !
Toxopneustes

tuberculatus

1842.

Desor, Agass. Mon. Ech. Galerites, 1842.
Echinoneus

cruciatus ! Agass. = Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske, 1778.

elegans ! = Echinoneus minor Leske, 1778.

serialis ! = Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske, 1778.

conformis ! = Echinoneus minor, Leske, 1778.
Holectypus.

56 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1842.

Ravenf.l, J. A. N. Scienc. Phila. 1842, p. 333.
Scutella

caroliniana = Eckinodiscus sexiesperforatus Leske, 1778.

1843.

J. E. Gray, Deiff. Voy. II. 1843, p. 265.
Echinarachnius

zelandiae ! ? = Echinus placenta Lin. 1758.

1843.

Conrad, Proc. Phila. Ac. N. Sc. 1843, p. 327.
Spatangus

orthonotus = Echinoeardium pennatifidum Norm. 18G7?

1844.

L. Agassiz, Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr. 1844, p. 730, August.
Metaporhinus.

1844.

McCoy, Synopsis Carb. Lim. foss. Ireland, 1844, p. 173.

Palaechinus Scon..

Archeocidaris.

Diplopodia.

1844.

Forbes, Proc. Lin. Soc. 1844, p. 183, January.
Amphidetus

mediterraneus.

1844.

Miciielin, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1844, p. 173, Mai.
Diadema

Desjardinsii! = Diadema turcarum ScnrN. 1711.

1844.

Duben och Koren, Ofvers. af K. Vetensk. Ak. Forh. 1844.
Cidaris

borealis! = Cidaris papillata Leske, 1778.

1845.

Michelin, Rev. Mag. Zobl. 1845, January.
Diadema

Savignyi! = Diadema selosa (Gray,) 1825, non Rumph.
Cidarites

papillaris ! = Cidarites baculosa Lam. 1816.

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. 57

1845.

Philippi, Wieg. Archiv. L 1845.

Spatangus
Tripylus

excavatus !
cavernosus !
australis !
Brissus

pulvinatus = Brissus lyrifer Forbes, 1841.
placenta = Brissus unicolor Klein, 1734.
Cidaris

affinis = Cidaris papillata Leske, 1778.
Diddema.

tenuispina = Oidarites diadema (Lam.) 1816.

longispina ! ?

antillarum = Cidarites diadema (Lam-) 1816.

1845.

Ravenel, Jour. A. N. S. Phila. 1845, p. 253.
Sculella

gibbosal non Risso nee Serkes. = Echinanthus subdepressus Gray, 1825.

1845.

J. E. Gray, in Eyre, Voyage, I. 1845, p. 43G.
Spatangus

subcarinatus !
elongatus !

1846.

Duben ocn. Koren, Skand. Eeb. 1 846.

Echinus

norvegicus !

elegansl (Dub. Kor.) non Desl. 1824.

virens ! = Echinus miliaris Mull. 1771.
Brissus

fragilis !

1846.

Melonites.

1846.

Pluteus.

1846.

Owen and Norwood, Sill Journ. 1846, p. 225, September.

J. Muller, Mull. Archiv, 1845, p. 101.

Valenciennes, Voyage Venus, Zoopb. 1846, Pis.

Agassizia

scrobiculata !

Amblypneustes

pallidus !
formosus

58 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1846. Valenciennes (continual).

Echinus

porosus ! = Echinus albus Mol. 1782.

omalostoma = Echinus tuberculatus Lam. 1816.

eurythrogrammus !

chloroticus !
Agarites

purpurescens ! = Echinus niger (Mol.) 1782.

spatuliger !

grandinosus ! = Cidaris pustulosa Leskk, 1778.
Echinarachnius

excentricus !

1846.

L. Agassiz et Desor, Cat. Rais. Ann. Sc. Nat. 184G, p. 305, November.
Cidaris

Stokesii ! Ac. = Cidaris papillata Leske, 1778.

Thouarsii ! Val.

Danae! Ac = Cidaris Thouarsii Val.

Lima ! Ag. = Cidarites baculosa Lam. 1816.

Krohnii ! Ac. = " " "

Goniocidaris Des.

geranioides ! Agass.

Quoyi! Val. = Cidarites tubaria Lam. 1816.
Palaeocidaris Des.
A&tropyga

pulvinata ! Ag.

calamaria ! Ag.

Desorii! Ag.

spinosissima ! Ag.

subularis ! Ag.
Diadema

europaeum! Ag. = Diadema longispina Pirn.. [845.

turcaruml non ScHTN. = Cidarites diadema (Lam) 1816.

Lamarckii ! Rocss. = Diadema setosa (Gray), 1825.
Hemidiadema Ag.
Echinocidaris
Agarites

punctulata ! Ag.

slellata ! Ag.

Dufresnii ! Ag.

loculata ! Ag.
Tetrapygus

niger ! Ag.

aequitubcrculatus ! Ag.

pustulosus ! Ag.

grandinosus ! Ag.
Eucosmus Ag.
Mespilia Des.

globulus ! Ag.

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. 59

1846. L. Agassiz et Desor {continued).

Microcyphus

Rousseaui! Ag. = Microcyphus maculatus Agass. 1841.
zigzag ! Ag.
Salmacis

sulcatus ! Ag.

virgulatus ! Ag. = Salman's sulcatus Ag. 1846.
rarispinus ! Ag.

varius ! Ag. = Salmacis rarispinus Ag. 1846.
Dussumieri ! Ag.
globator ! Ag.
Temnopleurus

Reynaudi ! Ag.
bothryoides ! Ag.
Polycyphus Ag.
Amblypneusies

textilis ! Ag. = Echinus ovum Lam. 1816.
scalaris! Ag. = Amblypneusies formosus Val. 1846.
serialis!? Ag. = Echinus ovum Lam. 1816.
Boletia Des.

pileolus ! Des.

heteropora ' Des. = Echinus pileolus Lam. 1816.
maculata ! Des.

bizonata ' Des. = Echinus pileolus Lam. 1816.
Tripneustes

sardicus ! Ag.
pentagonus ! Ag.
Holopneustes

porosissimus ! Ag. = Cidaris granulata (Agass.) 1841, non Leske.
Echinus

Toxopncustes

brevispinosus !
granulans !
Drbbachie?isis !
albidus ! Ag.
lividus !

concavus ! Ag. = Echinus saxalilis (Lin.) 1758.
gibbosus ! Val.

Delalandi ! Val. = Echinus eurythrogrammus Val. 1846.
neglectus ! = Echinus Drobachiensis Mull. 1776.
complanatus! Val. = Echinus lividus Lam. 1816.
granulalus ! Ag.

Dubenii Ag. = Echinus Drobachiensis Mull. 1776.
Fsammechinus
variegatus !

semituberculatus ! Val.
subangulosus !
norvegicus !
miliaris !

microtuberculatus !
Korenii ! Des. = Echinus miliaris Mull. 1771.

50 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1846. L. ACASSIZ ET Desor (continued).

Echinus
Psammecliinus

excaratus !
Echinus

laganoides Des. = Eckinometra setosa Rumpel 1705.
Heliocidaris Desml.

variolaris ! Desml.

paucituberculata ! Desml.

chlorotica ! Desml.

margaritacea !

eurythrogramma ! Des.

omalostomu ! Des.

mexicana ! Ag. = Echinus lucunter Lin. 1758.
Eckinometra

heteropora! Ag. = Echinus lucunter (Lam) 1816.

Michelini! Des. = Echinus lucunter Lin. 1758.
Acrocladia

trigonaria ! Ac.

hastifera! Ag. = Cidaris mammillata Klein, 1734.

Blainvillei ! Ag. = " " •• "

Podophora

pedifera ! Ag.

1847.

L. Auassiz, in Desok, Bull. Soc. GioL Prance. IV. 1847, p. 287.
Monophora

1847.

DrcnAssAiNG, Bull. Soc. Gdol. France, 1817, June.1?
Clypeasler

parvus = Echinus rosaceus Lin. 1758.
Cassidulus

guadeloupensis = Cassidulus caribaoatum Lam. 1801.

1847.

L. Agassi/, i t Di sor, Cat Rais. Ann. Sc. Nat. 1847, p. 0, March.
Lagunum

attenuatum ! An. = Laganum depressum Less. 1841.
cingulatum ! Ag. = " " " "

latissimum !
Dendraster Ag.

excentricus ! Ag.

Lobopliiirii

tenuissima: Val. = Mellita laevis Klein. 1734.
Mellita

nuramularia ! Val. = Echinodiscus emarginatus Leske, 1778.
Mbvlinsia (err. typ.) Moulinia Agass. 1841 ; non Geatel. 1840.
Echinocyamus

australis ! Ag.
Fibularia

volva ! Ag.
Lenita Des.

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. Gl

1847. L. Agassiz et Desor (continued).

Echinoneus

crassus! Ag. = Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske, 1778.

ventricosus ! Ag. = " " " "

Pygaulus Ag.
Archiacia Ag.
Asterostoma Ag
Spatangus

spinosissimus !? Des. = Spatagus purpureus Mill. 1776.
Macropneustes Ag.
Eupatagus Ag.

Valenciennesii ! Ag.
Gualteria Des.
Lovenia Des.

hystrix Des. = Spatangus elongatus Gray, 1845.
Amphidetus

cordatus ! Ag.

gibbosus ! Ag. = Amphidetus mediterraneus Forbes, 1844.

ovatus ! Ag.
Breynia Des.

Crux Andreae ! Ag.
Brissus

Plagionotus (Agass.) nnn Muls. 1842.

pectoralis !
Brissus

ventricosus !

bicinctus! Val. = Spatangus sternalis Lam. 1816.

dimidiatus! Ag. = Brissus unicolor Klein, 1734.

areolatus ! Val. = Spatangus sternalis Lam. 1816.
Brissopsis

lyrifera !

cavernosa !

australis !
Hemiaster Des.
Fericosmus Ag.
Agassizia

excarata ! Des.
Schizaster

canaliferus ! Ag.

fragilis ! Ag.

gibberulus ! Ag.

cubensis! d'orb. = Spatangus ventricosus Lam. 1816.
Echinolampas

Laurillardil (Desml.) 1847, non Desmt. = Echinolampas Hellei Val.; Per. 1869.

1847.

Troschel in Martens, Wieg. Arch. 1866, I. p. 158.*

Diploporus

pyramidatus ! = Salman's sulcatus Ag. 1846.

* Read, Ber. dor Cos. f. Nat. II. Freunde, Berlin, 184 7.

62 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1848.

Ravenkl, Ecb. So. Car. 1848, January.
Clypeaster

prostratus = EcMnanihw subdepressus Gray, 1825.
Mellita

ampla ! Holmes = Mellita testudinata Klein, 1734.

caroliniana.
Brissopsis

porifenis.
Amphidetus

gothicus = Echinus cordatus Penn. 1777.

1848

Echinoimtra

J. E. Gray, Brit. Rad. 1848, June.

Drbbachiensis !

Echinocardium

cordatus !

ovation !

Brissiopsis (err. typ.) Brissopsis Agass. 1840.

h/rifera !

1849.

Perischodomus.

-Mt Coy-, Ann. Mag N. II 1849, p. 25

1849.

Milnia.

Haime, Ann. Sc, Nat. XII. 1840, p. 2

1849.

Forbes, Q. J. Geol. Soc. London, I. 1849, p. 425.
Amphidetus

virginianus = ? Echinocardium pennatifidum Norm. 1867.

1850.

Girard, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. II. 1850, p. 364, November.
Heliechinus

Grouldii! = Cidaris escuknta (Leske) 1778.
Melobosis

mirabilis! = Salmacis sulcatus Ac 1846.
Psammechinus

asteroides! = Echinus chloroticus Val. 1846.
Echinomelra

nigrina! = Echinus lucunter Lixx. 1758.
Echinoeyamm

minimus! = Spatagus pusillus Mill. 1776.
Schizaster

lachesis ! = Spatangus atropos Lam. 1816.

1850.

Forbes, Ang. Mag, N. II. VI. 1850, p. 443, December.
Car di aster.

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. G3

1850.

Aradas, Monog. dcgli Ech. di Sieilia, Atti. Acad. Gioienia, VI. 1850, p. 55.

Amphidetus sp. n. = Amphidetus mediterraneus Forbes, 1844.
Schizaster

incertUS = Brissopsis lyrifera Ag. 1847.
Fibularia

equina = Spatagus pusillus Mull. 1776.

1851.

Michelin, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1851, January.

Encope

Agassizi! = Encope grandis Ag. 1841.
Haimea.

1851.

J E. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1851, January.

Echinanthus

Australasiae ! = Echinanthus testudinarius Gray, 1851.

testudinarius !

oblongus! = Echinus reticulatus Lin. 1758.

productus! = Echinanthus huniile Leske, 1778.

Coleae! = Echinus reticulatus Lin. 1758.

explanatus! = Echinanthus humile Leske, 1778.
Echinodiscus

bifissa !
Mellita

testudinaria ! = (err. typ.) Mellita testudinata Klein, 1734.

erythraea !
Leodia

Richardsonii ! = Echinodiscus sexies perforatus Leske, 1778.
Fibularia

Oblonga ! = Fibularia volva Ag. 1847.
Echinolampas

depressus !
Mortonia

australis !

1851.

Hagenow, 1851 ?
Infulaster. (Casts distributed.)

1851.

J. E. Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. H. 1851, February.
Spatangus

Reginae ! = Spatagus purpureus Mull. 1776.
Eupatagus

similis ! = Eupatagus Valenciennesii Ag. 1847.
Lovenia

elongata !

subcarinata !
Echinocardium

australe !

zealandicum ! = Echinocardium australe Gray, 1851.
Breynia

Australasiae !

Desorii ! = Spatangus Australasiae Leach, 1815.

64 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1851. Gkay (continued).

Meoma

grandis !
Faorina

chinensis !

antarctica! = Tripylus cavernosus Phil. 1845.

australis !

cavernosa !
Tripylus

Philippii !
Desoria (Gray) non Agass. nee Cotteau.

australis !
ScMzaster

ventricosus !

Jukesii! = Schizaster ventricosus Gkay, 1851.
Kleinia

luzonica !

A(jnssi:ia

subrotunda! = Agassizia scrobiculata Val. 184G.
Leskia (G-ray) non Rob. Des.
mirabilis !

1851.

It. T. Maitland, Fauni Belgi. Septen. 1851.
Echinus

Basteri Maitl. non Gmel. = Echinus acutus Lam. is 16.

1851.

TuosniEL, Wieg. Archiv. 1851, I.
Tripylus

Hamaxitus

excavatus !
Atrapus

grandis: = Faorina chinensis Gray, 1851.
Abatus

cavernosus !

australis !

1852.

Forbes, Mon. Echinod. Brit. Tert. 1852, p. 5.
Temnechinus.

1852.

Girard, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. 1852, p. 213, April.
Amphtdetus

Kurtzii ! = Echinus cordatus Pexn. 1777.

1853.

Michelix, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1853, January.

Magnesia

1853.

Desok, Act. Soc. He'lv. d. Scien. Nat. 1853, p. 279.
Linthia Mer.

Prenaster.

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. 65

1853.

Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1853, August.

Astropyga

dubia! = Cidarites pulvinata Lam. 1816.

mossambica! = Cidaris radiata Leske, 1778.
Echinothrix

calamaris !
turcarum !
subularis !
spinosissima !
Desorii !

annellata ! = Astropyga Desorii Ag. 1846.

1853.

D'Abchiac et Haime, Anim. foss. de l'lnde, 1853, pp. 197-214.

Glyphocyphus.
Phymosoma.
Eurhodia.
Hardouinia.

Temnopleurus

depressus ! = Cidaris toreumatica Klein, 1734.
Eupatagus

pectoralis.

1853.

D'Orbigny, Pal. franc. Cret. VI. 1853, pp. 175-186.

Heteraster.

Ennalaster.

Epiaster.

Insufulaster (err. typ.) Infulaster Hag. 1851.

1854.

Echinanthus

orientalis
Richardii !
oviformis !

Echinobrissus
recens !

Echinodiscus

Augusti !

1854.
Grasia.

1854.

Rhabdocidaris.

Diplocidaris.

Porocidaris.

Leiocidaris

imperialis.

D'Orbignv, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1854, p. 16, January.

Michelin, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1854, p. 439, August.

Desor, Synops. fithin. foss. 1854, pp. 39-48.

66

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1854.

Periaster

fragilis !
gibberulus !
cubensis !

D'Orbigny, Pal. franc. Cret. VI. 1854, ]

1854.

Helerocentrus

mammilla/us.

Muller, J., Bau. d. Echinod. 1854

trigonarius.
Colobocentrus

atratus.
Echinanthus

rangianus.
Clypeaster

tumidulus !

= Echinus reticulatus Lin. 1758.

1855.

Peters, Donk. Akad. Berlin, fiir 1854.

Centrostephanus

longispinus !

1855.

J. E. Gray, CataL recent Echinida, Brit. Mus. 1855, March.
Echinanthus

scutiformis !
placunarius I
2>arrtts.

Laganinum (err. typ.) Laganum Kxein, 17.il.

latissimum !
Laganum
Peronella

Perouii !
Arachnoides

zelandiae !
Rotula

Gualteri = Rotula Augusti Klein 1734.
Echinodiscus

truncata !

tenuissima !
Mellita

testudinea (err. typ.) Mellita testudinata Klein, 1734.
Echinoglycus

frondosus ! = Echinodiscus emarginatus Leske, 1778.

grandis !

tetrapora

perspecticn !

cyclopora !

Stokesii !
Echinocardium

Mediterraneum

gibbosum !

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. 67

1855. Gray (continued).

Spat an g us
Maretia.

planulata !
Plagionotus

Desorii !
Brissus

columbarius (err. typ.) columbaris Lam. 1816.
Metalia

slernalis !
Faorina

australis !
Schizaster
Nina

canalifera !

Jukesii !

ventricosa !
Brisaster

fragilis !

gibberulus !

cubensis !

1855 „ ,

J. E. Gray, Proc. Zocil. Soc. London, 1855, pp. 35-39, March.

Gonioeidaris

pistillaris !
Hipponoe

sardica !
Holocentronotus (err. typ.) Heterocentrotus Brandt.
Cidaris

ornata ! = Cidarites annulifera Lam. 1816.

annul at a ! = Cidarites annulifera Lam. 1816.

spinulosa ! = Cidarites tubaria Lam. 1816.
A stropyg a

depressa ! = Cidarites pulvinata Lam. 1816.
Garelia

aequalis ! = Echinvs calamaris Pall. 1774.

clavata ! = Astropyga Desorii Agass. 1846.
Toreumatica

Hardwickii !

granulosa ! = Temnopleurus Reynaudi Ag. 1846.

Reevesii ! = " "

concava ! = Salmacis Dussumieri Ag. 1846.

1855.

D'Orbigny, Pal. franc. Cret. VI. 1855, pp. 281-374.

Claviaster.

Faujasia.

Rhynchopygus

guadeloupensis.
Stigmatopygus.
Botriopygus.
Trematopygus.

68 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1855.

DesOR, Synops. ficnin. foss. 1855, pp. 61 - 130.

Hypodiadema.

Pseudodiadema.

Diademopsis.

Savignya *

subitlaris.

spinosissima.

calamaria.

Desorii.
Asteropyga (err. lyp.) Astropyga Gray, 1825.
Coptosoma.
Opechinus.
Codechinus.
Cottaldia.
Stomechinus.
Hyp echinus.

1855.

WRionT. Brit. Oolitic Eehin., 1855, p. 145.
Hemipedina.

1855.

MlCIIELIN, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1855, p. 245, MaL
Sfoera (Mich.) nun Leach, 1813 nee Hubn. 1810.
atropus
lachesis.
clotho !

1855.

Cotteau, Ecliin. Yonne. I. 1855, p. 224.

Desoria (Cott.) non Ar.ASS.

1855.

Cotteau, Bull. Soc. Ge"ol. Frame, XII., 1855, p. 710, Mai.

Desorella.

1856.

Cotteau, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, XIII., 1856, p. 319, February.

Micropsis.
Cyclaster.

1856.

Conrad, Pacif. R. R. Ex. Pal. VII. 1856, p. 196, PI. IX.

Asterodaspis.
Scutella

striatula nnn M. dc Skrres = Scutella excentl'ica Esch. 1829.

1856.

Cotteau, Eehin. Sartlic, 185G, p. 417.

Galeropygus.

* No species mentioned, group specified.

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. 09

1856.

Desor, Synops. Echin. foss. 1856, pp. 131 -155.
Stirechinus.
Phymechinus.

Diplophorus (err. typ.) Diploporus Trosch. Ms.
Sphaerechinus

brevispinosus.
Loxechinus

ulbus.
Hyposalenia.
Eocidaris.

D'Orbigny, Pal. franc. Cret. VI. 1856, p 418.

Muller, J., Echin. Eifel. Kalk. Berl. Ak. 1856, p. 356.

1856.

Clypeopygus.

1856.

Lepidocentrus.

1856.

Hup^, in Castelnau Voyage Am. Sud. 1856.
Echinus

aciculatus ! = Echinus Gaimardi Blainv. 1825.
Heliocidaris

Castelnaudi ! = Echinus lucunter Lin. 1758.
Echinoglycus

Valenciemtesii.

ohlongus.

subclausus.

1857.

Barrett, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. XIX. 1857, p. 32, January.
Amphidotus

gibbosus (Barrett) non Ag. = Echinocardium pennatifidum Norm. 1869.

1857.

Stimpson, Crust. Ech. Pacif. Sh., Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H. 1857.
Echinus

chloroticus ! non Val. 1816 (err. typ.) chlorocentrotus Br.
purpuratus !

1857.

McCrady, in Tuomey and Holmes Pliocene foss. So. Ca. pp. 4- 10, 1857.

Psammechinus

exoletus = Echinus variegatus (Lam.) 1816, non Leske.
Agassizia

porifera.
Amphidetus

ampliflorus = Echinus cordatus Penn. 1777.

orthonotus.
Brissus

spatiosus = Spatangus ventiicosus Lam. 1816.
Plagionotus

Holmesii = Echinus grandis Gmel. 1788.

Ravenellianus = " "

70 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1857.

Grube, Wieg. Archiv. I. 1857.

Brissus

panis! = Spalangus ventricosus Lam. 181G.

1857.

D'Orbigny, Pal. franc. CnSt. VI. 1857, p. 454.

Oolopygus.

1857.

Desor, Synops. Eehin. foss. 1857, pp. 1G7-333.

Pileus.

Galeopyyus (err. typ.) Galeropygus Cott. 185G.

P achy cly pus.

Sismondia.

Rumphia

rostrata.

Peronii.
Mortonia (DeS.) non Gray. 1851.
Stenonia
Offaster.

1857. „ .

Salter, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1857, p. 332, November.

Paleodiscus.

1857.

PniLirn, Wieg. Arch. I. 1857.

Echinus

magellanicus.
Arbacia

Schythei = Eehinocidaris Dufresnii Blainv. 1825.

1858.

Pseudopedina

1858.

Centropygus.

1858.

Isaster.

Toxobrissus.

Hemipatagus.

1858.

Folycidaris.
Leptocidaria.

Cotteau, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1858, Mai.

Ebrav, Bull. Soc. Geol. Franc. XV. 1858, p. 482.

Desor, Synops. fichin. foss. 1858, pp. 359-416.

Quenstedt, Der Jura, 1858, p. G44, PL II.

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. 71

1858.

Michelin, Rev. Mag. Zobl. 1858, August.
Melllta

longifissa !

1859.

Cotteau, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1859, pp. 14-22, April.

Asterocidaris.

Pseudosalenia.

1859.

Michelin, 1859.
Hebertia.*

1859.

Bronn, Die KI. u. Ord. d. Thier-Reiehs, 1859, p. 341.
Schizaster

cordalus.

1859.

Cotteau, Eehin. Sarthe, 1859, pp. 210, 429.
Anorthopygus.

1859.

Michelin, Rev. Mag. Zobl. 1859, September.
Echinaraclmius

asiaticus ! = Scutella Rumphii Blainv. 1827.

Australiae ! = " " " «

undulatus ! = " ■' « «

Polyaster non Gray, 1840.

elegans ! = Lagana decagona Less. 1841.

1860.

Cotteau, Bull. Soc. Geol. Franc. XVIT. 1860, p. 378, Mars.

Heterocidaris.

1860.

Etallon, Rayonn. du Jura Sup. de Montbeliard. 1860.

Pseudodesorella.

1860.

L. Agassiz, Proc. B. S. N. H. 1860, p. 262. Mai.
Pygorhynchus
sp.!

1860.

Cotteau, ltcbin. Sarthe, 1860.
Echinocyphus.

* Know this from Cotteau's quotation only.

72 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1860.

Mayer, Faunula d. Mar. Sandst. 1860, p. 11, August.

Leiospatangus

1860.

Cotteau, Eehin. Yonne, II. 1860, p. 83.

Phyllobrissus.

1860.

Meek & Worthen, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1860, pp. 396, 472.

Melonechinus
Oligoporus.

1860

Holmes, Post Plio. foss. So. Ca. 1860, p. 5, PI. II. f. 2.

Anapesus

caiolinus ! = Echinus punctulatus Lam. 1816.

1861.

Thomson, Edinb. New I'liil. Jour. 1861, January.

Echinocystites.

1861.

Cotteau, Pal. franc. Cret. VII 1861, p. 96, July.

Heterosalenia.

1861.

Michelin, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1861, July.

Lobophora

Deplanchei ! = MeLLita laevis Klein, 1734.
Clypeaster

Saisseti ! = Echinanthus humile Lf.sk k. 1778.

1861.

Leiosoma

1861.

Lepidechinus.

1861.

Tripylus

fragilis !

1862.

Cotteav, Lcliin. Sarthe, 1861, p. 403.

Hall, Prel. Notice new sp. Crinoids, 1861, p. 18.

Sars, Norges Echin. 1861, p. 96, June.

Cotteau, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1862, p. 72, Mai.

Heterolampas.
Heterodiadema.
Orthocidaris non A. Ag. 1863.

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. 73

1862.

Etallon, Etudes paleont. s. le terr. Jurass. Haut Jura; Suppl. 18G2, pp. 4, 5.

Pseudocidaris.
Hemipygus.

1862.

Dujardin et Hup£, Zoopb. Echinodernies, 18fi2.
Leioeidaris

hystrix !

papillata !

affinis !

Stokesi !

Thouarsii !

Danae !
Salmacis

Desmoulinsii (err. typ.) Dussumieri Agass.
Melebosis (err. typ.) Melobosis Gir. 1850.

mirabilis.
Psammechinus

pulchelhis !

pustulatus !

decoratus !

longispinus !

laganoides !

magellanicus !

aciculalus !
Svhaerechinus

escidentus !

gibbosus !
Toxopneustes

aequituberculatus !
Tripneustes

fasciatus !

angidosus !
Michelinia non Koninck, 1842.

elegans !
Podophora

Mertensii
Brissopsis

excavatus !

Philippii !

ovatus !

1862.

Michelin, in Maillard, notes s. Bourbon, Annexe A. 1862.

Keraiaphorus

Maillardi '
Savignya

Frappieri! = Astropyga Desorii Ac. 1846.
Tripneustes

fuscus! = Cidaris sardica Leske, 1778.

zigzag ! = " " " '•

74 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1862. Miciielin (continued).
Toxopneustes

indianus

Hemipatagus

Mascareignarum ! = Spatangus planulatus Lam. 1816.

1863.

Cotteac, Eukin. foss. des Pyren. 1863.

Pedinopsis.
Brissopatagus.

1863.

Bf.lval, Bull. Acad. Bnix. XV. 1863, p. 419, March.

Encope

Ghiesbrechtii = Echinodiscus emarginatus Leske, 1778.

Cotteau. PaL Franc. Cret. VII. 1868, ApriL

Cotteau, Eeliin. Sarthe, 1863, p. 399.

Cotteai", Rev. Mag. Zool. 1803, p. 77, June.

1863.
Temnocidaris.

1863.

Orthopsis.

1863.

Microdiadema.

1863.

A. Agassiz, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. I. 1863, August

Gymnocidaris

mi lnltiriil !

minor! = Oidarites metularia Lam. 1816.
Orthocidaris (A. Ag) non Cott. 1802.

hyslrix !

affix is !

papiUata \
Temnocidaris (A. Ag.) non Cott. 1863.

canaliculata !
Prionocidaris

pistilbiris !
Stephanocidaris

lubaria ! non Lam. = Cidarites bispinosa Lam. 1816.
Chondrocidaris

gigantea !
Garelia

subalaris !

cincta! = Diadema turcarum Schtnv. 1711.

turcarum !
Echinothrix

aperta! = Echinus calamaris Pall. 1771.

scutata ' = Astropyga Desorii Ag. 1846.

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. 1 5

1863- A. Agassiz (continued).

Diadema

paucispinum ! = Diadema setosa (Gray,) 1825.

mexicanum !

globulosum ! = Diadema setosa (Gray,) 1 825.
Echiiwcidaris

Davisii ! = Echinus punctulatus Lam. 18 1(3.

incisa ! = Echinus stellatus Blainv. 1825.
Echinostrephus

aciculatus ! = Echinometra setosa Rumph. 1705.
Acrocladia

cuspidata ! = Echinus trigonarius Lam. 1816.
Podophora

Quoyi !
Echinometra

Van Brunti !

rupicola ! = Echinometra Van Brunti A. An. 1863.

microtuberculata ! = Echinus htcunter (Lam.) non Linn.

viridis !

plana ! = Echinometra viridis A. Ag. 1863.
Parasalenia

gratiosa !
Toxocidaris

Delalandi !

mexicana ! (A. Ag.) non Ag.

franciscana '
Loxechinus

purpuratus !
Psammechinus

chloroticus !
Sphaerechinus

granulans !
Temnopleurus

Reevesii\ non Guat = Cidaris toreumatica Klein, 1734.
Toreumatica

concava ! non Gray = Temnopleurus Reynaudi Ag. 1846.
Melobosis

rarispinus !
Lytechinus

carolinus ! = Echinus variegatus (Lam.) non Leske.

variegatus !

atlanticus ! = "
Hemiechinus Gm. MS.
Boletia

granulata !

rosea !
Tripneustes

depressus !
Hipponoe

violacea! = Cidaris sardica Leske, 1778.
nigricans ! = " " "

76 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1863. A Agassiz (continued).

Stolonoclypus Agass.

placunarius !

prostralits !

rotundus !
Rhaphidoclypus

scutiformis !

microtuberculatus ! = Echinus reticulatus Lin. 1758.
Rumpkia

Lesueuri !
Pygorhynchus

pacificus ! Agass.
Kleinia

nigra! = Meoma grandis Gray, 1851.
Rbyssobrissus

niger !
Xanthobrissus.

Garetti! = Spatangus sternalis Lam. 1816.

1863.

S. P. Woodward, Geologist, 18G3, September.

Ecninotburia.

1863.

A. Agassiz, Proc. Acad. Nat Scien. Phila. 1 863, December.

PhyUncnntlius

fustigera ! Barn. = Cidarites imperiabs Lam. 1 816.
Diadema

nudum ! = Diadema setosa (Gray,) 1825.
Thrichodiadema

Rodgersii !
Colobocentrotus

Leslcei ! (err. typ.) Mertensii.
Echinometra

brunea ! = Echinus lucunler (Lam.) non Linn.
Glyptocidaris

crenularis !
Toxocidaris

nuda !

crassispina! = Echinus tuberculatus Lam. ltfn',.

globulosa ! = Toxocidaris franciscana A. Ag. 18G2.

depressa !
Psammechinus

intermedius ! Barn.

pulcherrimus ! Barn.
Toxopneustes

carnosus ! Barn. = Echinus Drobachiensis Mull. 1776.
Microcyphus

elegans ! = Toreumatica Haidwickii Gray, 1855.
Antbechinus

roseus ' = Microcyphus maculatus Ac. 1841.

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. 77

1863. A. Agassiz (continued).

Temnotrema

sculpta ! = Toreumatica Hardwickii Gray, 1855.
Lagan tim

Futnami ! Barn.
Scaphechimis ! Barn.

mirabilis! Barn.
Lobophora

texta! = Mellita laevis Klein, 1734.
Maretia

alta!
Lovenia

triangularis! = Spatangus subcarinatus Grat, 1845.
Echinocardium

Stimpsoni ! = Echinocardium australe Gray, 1851.

1863.

Belval, Bull. Acad. Brux. XVI. 1863, p. 198, August.
Lobophora

Dubusii = Echinodiscus auritus Leske, 1778.
Agassizii = " •• " "

Lutken, Bid. til Kuuds. om Echiu. 1864.

1864.

Psilechinus

variegatus !
Meoma

ventricosa !
Echinocidaris

longispina ! = Echinus stellatus Blainv. 1825.
Clypeaster

Riisei ! = Stolonoclypus rotundus A. Ag. 1863.
Agassizia

ovulum ! = Agassizia scrobiculata Val. 1846.
Goniocidaris

tubaria !
Anthocidaris

homalostoma !

eurythrogramma !
Ellipsechinus

macrostomus !
Echinometra

Michclini ! non Des.

arbacia ! = Parasalenia gratiosa A. Ag. 1863.
Psammechinus

verruculatus ! = Cidaris angulosa Leske, 1778.
Ravenellia
Chaetodiscus

scutella ! = Scaphechinus mirabilis Barn. 1863.

78

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1864. LiiTKEN (continued).

Rhynchopygus

caribaearum !
Sphaeriechinus (err. typ.) Sphaerechinus Des. 1856.

granularis

indianus !
Brissopsis

pulvinatus

1865.

Conrad, T. A., Proo. Acad. N. S. Pliila. 18G5, p. 74.

Macrophora

Echinianthus (err. typ.) Echinanthus Biseyn. 1732.

Echinocardium

orthonotus.

1865.

Martens, Monatsb. Ak. Berlin, 18G5, M&rz.

Scutella

japonica ! = Scaphechinus mirabilis Barn. 1863.
Nucleolltes

epigonus !

1865.

Bolsciie, Wieg. Archiv. I. 1865, p. S24.

Ecltinothrix

cincta !

aequulh !

clavata !

Petersii ! = Diadema turcarum Schtnv. 1711.
Astropyga

major = Cidarihs radiata Leske, 1778.

1865.

Gruije, Jahres-Ber. d. Schles. Ges. 1865.

Platybrissus

Roemeri !

1866.

Worthen & Meek, Paleontology, Geology of Illinois, Vol. II. 1866, p. 249.

Melonopsis.

1866.

Cotteau, Pal. franc. VII. Terr. Crdt. 1866, d. 760, Mai.

Leiocyphus

1866.

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1866, p. 170, June.

Spatangus
Maretia

variegata! = Spatangus plannlatus Lam. 1816.

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. 79

1866.

Cotteau, Rev. Mag. Zool. 18C6, Juin, Judlet.

Leiopedina.
Echinopedina.

1866.

Verrill, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. 1866 p. 340, My.

Euryechinus

granulatus !

Drobachiensis !

lividus

gibbus ! (err. typ.) Echinus gibbosus Val. 1846.

Delalandii

1866. .

Martens, Wieg. Arcbiv. XXXII. 18G6.

Temnopleurus

japonicus ! = Temnopleurus Hardwickii Gray, 1855.
Echinus

disjunctus ! = Toxocidaris depressa A. Ag. 18C3.
Boletia

radiata! = Psammechinus pulcherrimus Barn, in A. Ag. 1863.

polizonalis.
Toxocidaris

purpurea! = Echinus tuberculatus Lam. 1816.
Cidaris

circinnata MS. Amsterd. Mus. = Cidarites annulifera Lam. 1816.

fustigera !
Diadema

calamare !
Salmacis

pyramidata !

conica! = Salmacis sulcatus Ag. 1846.
Clypeaster

testudinarius !
Nucleolus! (err. typ.) Nucleolites Lam. 1801.

epigonus !

1866.

Martens, Verhl. d. K. K. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 186G, p. 381.

Acrocladia

planissima! = Cidaris mammillata Klein, 1734.

1866.

Schtjltze, L., Echinod. d. Eifier Kalkes. Denk. schr. Wien. Akad., 1866.

Xenocidaris.

1867.

Cotteau, Pal. franc. VII. Terr. Cret. 1867, p. 822, January.

Micropedina.

1867.

Grube, Jahresb. d. Sebles. Ges. f. Vat. Cult. 1867, April.

Asthenosoma
varium !

80 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1867. GrUBK (continued).

Salmacis

rubrotinctus ! = Salmacis rarispinus Ag. 1846.
festivus ! =

1867.

Verrill, Notes on Radiata, Trans. Conn. Acad. 1867 ; in Reprint, June.

Echinodiaderna

coronata !
Astropyga

venusta! = Cidarites pulvinata Lam. 1816.
Psammechinus

pictus ! = Echinus semituberculatus Val. 1847.
LytecMnus

roseus !
Boletia

viridis ! = Echinus chloroticus Val. 1846.
Euryechinus

imbecillis ! = Echinus gibbosus Vai.. 1846.
Toxopneustes

sp. ! = Toxocidaris mexieana (A. Ag.) 1863.
Encope

occidentalis ! = Encope micropora Ag. 1841.
Astriclypeus

Manni !
Mellita

pacifical
Stoloniclypeus (err. typ.) Stolonoclypus Ag. 1863.

rotundus !
Brissus

obesus !
Meoma

nigra !
Metalia

nobilis! = Echinus maculosus Gmel. 1788.

Garetti !

1867.

Martexs, Wieg. Arcb. XXXIII. 1867, p. 112.
Encope

aberrans ! = Encope Michelini Ag. 1841.

1867.

Loven, Ofv. K. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1867.
Palaeostoma

mirabilis !

1868.

Norman, 4th Dredging Report Shetland Islands, Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci. 1868, p. 314.

Toxopneustes

pictus ! = Echinus Drbbachiensis Mull. 1776.

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. 81

1868. Norman (continued).

Echinocardinm

pennatifidum.

Spatangus

meridionalis ! (Norm.) et auct. anglic. non Risso = Spatangus Rascln Loven, 1869.

1868.

Laube, Echin. d. Vicentiu. Tertiiirgebiets, Akad. Wien. p. 13, 18G8.

Chrysomelon.

1868.

Trosciiel, Niedcr Hess. Gesell. f. Nat. u. Heilkim. 18G8, Juli/.

Crustulum

gratulans ! = Astriclypeus Manni Verrill, 1867.

1868.

Worthen & Meek, Geol. Pal. Illinois, IU. 18G8, p. 522.

Lepidesthes.

1868.

Grube, Monatsb. Berlin, Ak. 1868, Man.

Anochanus

sinensis '

1869.

Verrill, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. 1869, April.

Desoria

nodosa ! = Desoria australis Gray, 1851.

1869.

Cotteac, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1869, Mai.

Echinodiadema (Cott.) non Verrill, 1867.

1869.

Loven, Ofv. af. K. Vetensk. Ak. Forh. 1869.
Spatangus

1869.

Thomson, Dredging Rept. Porcupine, Proc R. S. 1869.

Calveria

hystrix !

1869.

Troschel, Verhandl. N. H. V. Rhein. u. West. 1869, p. 96.

Pseudoboletia

maculata! = Toxopneustes indianus Mich. 1862.

stenostoma! = Boletia granulata A. Ag. 1863.
Podophora

quadriseriata = Colobocentrotus Mertensii Br. 1835.

82 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1869.

E. v. Martens, Decken's Reise in Ost. Africa, Seesterne u. Seeig. v. Sancibar, 18G9.

Bryssus (err. typ.) Brissus Klein, 1734.
slernalis.
bicinctus.
carinatus.

compressus.

1869. X /J^

A. Agassiz, Prelim. Report Echini. Bull. M. C. Z. II. 18G9, £. 9, October.
Cidaris '

annulata\ non Gray, = Cidarites tribuloides Lam. 1816.
Dorocidaris

abyssicola! = Cidaris papillata Leske, 1778.

hi/strix !

papillata !

affinis !

Stokesii !
Salenocidaris

varispina !
Caenopedina

cubensis !
Podocidaris

sculpta !
Echinus

gracilis !

Flemingiil non Ball. = Echinus norvegicus D. o. K. 1844.
Genocidaris

maculata !
Trigonocidaris

albida !
Stolonoclypus

Ravenellii !
Encope

Griesbachii (err. typ.) Ghiesbrccl/tii.
Ech in oh i mp as

caratomoides ! = Echinolampas depressus Gray, 1851.
Rhyncholampas

caribbaearutn !

pacip'cus !
Neolampas

rostellatus !
Pourtalesia

miranda !
Lissonotus (A. Ag.) non Schon. 1817.

fragilis !
Agassi:/'//

excentrica !
Echitwcardium

laevigaster! = Echinocardium pennatifidum Norm. 1868.

Kurlzii !

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. 83

1869. A. Agassiz (continued).

Schizaster

cubensis ! non cTOrb. in Ag. C. R. = Brissus fragilis D. o. K. 1844.
Diadema

mexicanum ! juv. non A. Ag. = Echinodiadema coronata Veeeill. 1867.
Lytechinus

semituberculatus !
Plagionotus

nobilis !

1869.

Perrier, Pedicell. Tbfese Fac. Scienc. Paris, 18G9.

Cidnris

rosaceus ! Rousseau = Oidarites annulifera Lam. 1816.

Callao ! = Oidaris Danae Ag. 1846.
Echinus

lezaroides ! (err. typ.) laganoides = Echinus molaris Blainv.
Psammechinus

No. 248 ! = Echinus variegalus (Lam.) 1816, non Leske.
Tripneitstes

bicolor ! Val. = Cidaris sardica Klein, 1734.
Echinometra

No. 274 ! = Echinus purpuratus Stimps. 1857.
Acrocladia

violacea! Blainv. = Echinus trigonarius Lam. 1816.

serialis ! Val. = Cidaris mammillata Klein, 1734.
Echinolampas

cyclostomus ! = Scutum ovatum Klein, 1734.

Hellei ! Val. = Echinolampas Richardi (Desml.) 1 837, non Desmt.
Erissopsis

parma! Val. = Brissus l3rrifer Forbes, 1841.

No. 18 ! =
Breynia

nigra !
Amphidetus

Novae Zelandiae ! Val. = Echinocardium australe Gray, 1851.

No. 71 ! = Echinus cordatus Pk.nn. 1777.

No. 193 ! = Spatagus flavescens Mull. 1774.

Gaimardi ! = ?
Lovenia

quadrimaculata ! Val. = Spatangus planulatus Lam. 1816.

1869.

Pomel, Introduc. aux Echinodermes, 1869.

Trachypatagus.

Leiopatagus (err. typ.) Leiospatangus Meter, 1860.

depressus.
hypsopatagus.

84 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

1869. Pomel (continued).

hemibrissus

ventricosus.
Schizobrissus.
peribrissus.
trachyaster.
par aster

gibberuhis.
bolbaster.
hypsaster.
heteropneustes.
hypsoclypus.
clypeolampas.
Echinolampas

Bottae ! = Scutum ovatum Klein, 1734.
amphisalenia.
prodiadema.
glyphopneustes.

malebosis (err. typ:) Melobosis Gir. 1850.
micropsidia.
arbacina.
schizechinus

semit uberculatus.

variegatus

excavatus.
oligophyma.

Olopneustes (err. typ.) Holopneustes Ac 1841.
MacCoya.
Wrightia (Pomel) non A(;ass. 1862.

1870.

G. O. Sars, Nye Echin. Vid. Selsk. Forh. 1871.
Echinus

depresses non Blainv.
Toxopnetutes

pallidus = Echinus Drbbachiensis Mull. 1776.

1870.

Verrill, Sill. Journ. 1870, p. 93, January.
Clypeaster

speciosus ! = Echinanthus testudinarius Gray, 1851.
Encope

californica !

1870.

Desmoulixs, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 1870.
Echinolampas

Rangii = Echinolampas Hellei Val. in Peru. 1869.

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. 85

1871.

Verrill, Notes on Radiata, Trans. Conn. Acad. 1871, February and March.

Plagionotus

africanus !
Boletia

picta !
Evechinus

chloroticus !
Toxocidaris

homalostoma !

eurythrogramma !
Clypeaster

testudinarius ! = Echinanthus testudinarius Gray, 1851.

1871.

A. Agassiz, BuU. M. C. Z. No. 5, II. 1871, April; Suppl. to Bull. No. 9, I. 1869.

Coelophurus

Maillardi !
sp.

1871.

Costa, O. G., Monog. degli Echinocyami viv e foss 1871.

Echinocyamus

parthenopaeus = Spatagus pusillus Mull. 1776.
speciosus = " " "

1872.

A. Agassiz, Preliminary Notice of a few Echini, Bull. M. C. Z. III. No. 4, 1872, January.

Strongylocentrotus

armiger !
Sphaereclthuis

Australiae !
Amblypneustes

pentagonus !

inflatus ! Lutk.

purpurescens ! Lutk.
Holopneustes

inflatus !

purpurescens !
Spalangus

Lutkeni !
Lovenia !

cordifoimis ! Lutk.
Moera

stygia ! Lutk.
Rhynobrissus

pyramidalis !

SYNONYMY.

This second series of lists contains the Synonymy, which I look upon as
the history of the species (not its Natural History). The synonymes quoted

have all been taken from the originals unless otherwise marked (teste ),

giving the authority for their accuracy. The (!) therefore does not mean
that I have verified the quotation, but that I have examined authentic
specimens. The genera adopted in this revision, as well as the species in
their respective genera, are arranged alphabetically. In the descriptive part
of the text the references for the name adopted and for the original name
alone are given ; the notation is as follows : —

Temnopleurus toreumaticus

Cidaris toreumatica ! Klein, 1734, Nat. Disp. Ec-h.
Temnopleurus toreumaticus] Agass. 1841, Mouog. Scut.

Amblypneustes griseus

Echinus griseus! Lam. 1816, An. s. Vert.
Amblypneustes r/riseus\ Agass. 1841, Monog. Scut.

the character of the type, of the original name, always showing the rela-
tions of the specific and generic names at the time the species was described,
as in the Chronological List. Not to introduce too many doubtful syno-
nymes, a general concordance of all the names given to Echini, including
MS. names mentioned, is added, where doubtful synonymes will be found
recorded by referring them to some species of this Revision ; this may
serve as a ready reference for all the known species. To supplement the
Chronological, Synonymic, and Alphabetical Lists, I shall add a Systematic
Index of the species, mentioned in this Revision, giving the original name
and the principal localities. As it was found impossible to add to each
citation a locality without introducing too much doubtful material, only
accurate localities are quoted. For each species I have given a complete
list of all the localities from which specimens are recorded, with their
authorities, indicating at the same time by the usual mark (!) whenever
I have seen the specimens mentioned. In the Geographical Lists the
species found in any one locality will be so arranged as to show the faunal
peculiarity of a region, while the exact range of each species is always
carefully specified with its synonymy. (*) denotes that specimens are in
the Coll. M. C. Z.

AGASSIZIA.

Agassizia Val. 184G. Voyage Venus.

Agassizia Agass. 1847. Cat. Rais. Ann. Sc. Nat., VIII. p. 20.

Agassizia excentrica

Agassizia excentrica! A. Agass. 18G9. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 276. Straits of Florida.

VBrissopsis poriferus Raw 1848. Echin. So. Ca.

1 Agassizia porifera McCrady, 1851. In Plioc. Foss. So. Ca., PI. If. 5.

♦Off Tortugas, 35, 3G fins. 45 fms. ! *Florida Gulf Stream ! (Pourtales).

Agassizia scrobiculata

Agassizia scrobiculata ! Val. 1846. Voyage Venus, Zooph., PI. I. f. 2. Peru.
Agasskia scrobiculata'. Val. 1847. In Agass. C. U Ann. Sc. Nat, VIII. p. 20.
" " Grat, 1855. Cat. Recent Echini, p. 62.

I Duj. llriis, 1862. Echin, p. 604.
I A. AGASS. 1*63. Bull. M. V. Z., I. p. 28. Panama.
! PERRIER, 1869. Pedicell., p. 177.
Agassizia subrotunda ! Gray, 1851. Ann. Mag. N. II., VII. p. 133.

! " 1855. Cat Rec. Ech., p. 68., PL Hl.f.S. Australia?
! Verrill, 1870. Sill. Journ., XLIX. p. 95.
! " 1869. Proc. Bost S. N. II.. p. 882.

! " 1871. Notes on Radiata, p. 598.

Agassizia ovulum ! LtJTK. 1864. Bidrag p. 134, /'/. //./ S. Boccones.

" " ! Verrill, 18g:. Notes on Radiata, p 320. Panama.

♦Panama (A. Agas=iz, Jevvctt) ; *Peru (J. d. P.) ; Boccones ! (Mus. Cop) ; La Paz ! (Pedersen,
Yale Coll.).

AMBLTPNEUSTES.

Echinus Lamk. 1816. A. s. V. (pars.)
Amblypneustes Agass. 1841. Introd. Monog. Scut.
Ambhjpncustes Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VII. p. 362.
Codechinus Des. 1855. Synops. Ech. foss.

Amblypneustes formosus

Amblypru ustes formosus ! Val. 1846. Voyage Venus, Zooph., PI. II. f. 2.
" formnsusl Duj. Hipe", 18G2. Echin, p. 518.

" scalaris ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 362. New Holland.

" scalaris ! Duj. HupE", 1862. Echin., p. 518.

? Galapagos! (J. d. P.); *Australia; Tasmania! Adelaide! (Brit. Mus.).

SYNONYMY. 89

Amblypneustes griseus

Echinus griseus ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. S. N. Oursin, p. 81.
Echinus griseus ! Blainv. 1834. Actinol., p. 227.

" " ! Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 274.

Amblypneustes griseusl Ac ass. 1841. Monog Scut. Introd.

" ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 362. Vanikoro.
Amblypneustes griseus\ Duj. Dupe", 1862. Echin., p. 518.

♦Australia ! *New Zealand ! (Wright) ; Port Jackson ! (Mus. Stutt.) ; Vanikoro ! (J. d. P.) ;
Adelaide ! Van Diemen's Land ! Port Philip ! Murray Riv. ! New Zealand ! (Brit. Mus.)

Amblypneustes ovum

Echinus ovum! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, p. 48. Australia?
Echinus ovum ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. S. N. Oursin, p. 81.
" ! Blainv. 1834. Actinol., p. 227.
" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 274.

Amblypneustes ovum Agass. 1841. Int. Anat. Ech., p. ix.

" ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 362.
" ! Duj. Hope", 1862. Eehin., p. 517.
" textilis ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 362.

textilis ! Duj. HupE", 1862. Echin., p. 518.
serialis ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 362.
serialis ! Duj. HupE", 1862. Echin., p. 518.

♦Australia ! *Hobart Town ! (Hamb'g Mus.) ; *Van Diemen's Land ! (B. M. Wright) ; Port
Jackson ! (Mus. Stutt.) ; Port Lincoln ! Port Philip ! Tasmania ! (Brit. Mus.).

Amblypneustes pallidus

Echinus pallidus ! Lamk, 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 48.

" pallidus DesLong. 1824. Enc. Meth., II. p. 591.
" " ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. S. N. Oursin, p. 81.

! Blainv. 1834. Aciinol., p. 227.
Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 274.
" (Amblypneustes) pallidus) Val. 1846. Voyage Venus, Zooph., PI. II. f. 1.
Amblypneustes pallidus ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Se. Nat., VI. p. 362 Australia.
" " I Duj. HupE", 1862. Echin., p. 518.

*M. C. Z. ; Port Jackson ! (Mus. Stutt.) ; Holdfast Bay ! Murray Riv. ! Port Philip ! Adelaide !
Feejee Islands ! (Brit. Mus.) ; Vanikoro ! (J. d. P.).

Amblypneustes pentagonus

Amblypneustes pentagonus ! A. Ag. 1872, Bull. M. C. Z., III. No. 5. Mauritius?

♦Mauritius (Brandt).

t (ECHINOBRISSUS.) Anochanus.

Anochanus Grube, 1868. Monatsb. d. Akad. Berlin, March, p. 178.

Anochanus sinensis

Anochanus sinensis ! Grube, 1868. Monatsb. d. Ak. Berlin, March, p. 178. China Seas.

East India Islands ! (Grube, Breslau Mus.).
t When a genus appears in parentheses its subgenera are denoted by smaller type, — Anochanus.

9 q .SYNONYMY.

ARACHNOIDES.

Echinodiscus Breyn. 1732. Schedias. (pars.)

Arachnoides Klein, 1734. Nat. Disp. Ech.

Echinus Lin. 1758. Syst. Nat. (pars.)

Echinarachnius Leske, 1778. Ki.. Add. (non Gray, nee Agass.)

Scutella Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, (pais)

Echinodiscus Blainv. 1830. Actinol. (pars.)

Arachnoides Agass. 1841. Monog. Scut., p. 94.

Arachnoides placenta

RUMPH. 1705. Amb. Rar. Kam.. PI. XIV. f. G.

Echinodiscus maxima* Breyn. 1732. Schedias., p. 64, PI. VII. f. 7, S.

Arachnoides Klein, 1734. Nat. Disp. Ech., PI. XX. f. a, b.

Gualteri, 1742. Index Test, /'/. CX.f.a.

Seba, 1758. Tlus, III. 77. AT. / „7. .

Echinus placenta Linn. 1758. Syst X., cd. X. p. CCG.

" placenta Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst., 3195.
ScuteUa " I Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, p. 11. So. Pacific.
Scutella " ! Blainv. 1827. Diet. S. N. Scut., p. 225.

" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 228.

Echinarachinus placenta ! Leski , 1778. Ki.. Add., /'/. XX. f. A, B.
Echinarachnius placenta'. Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. G.
" Flem. 1828. Brit. An. p. 179.

! Agass. 1836. Prod., p 188.
" " Forbes, 1841. Brit. Start'., p. 1 78. Shetland?

" " ! Gray, 1848. Brit. Rad., p. 5.

Echinodiscus " ! Blainv. 1831. Actinol., p 64, PL VII. f. 7,8.

Arachnoides " I AGASS. 1841. Mon. Sent, p. 94, PL XXI.f. $5-42.

" ! Agass. 1847. C. R Ann. Sc. Nat, VII. p. 134. Amboina, Salomon Isl.
Mill.. 1854. Bail d. Ech., PI. IV. f. 6. 7.
" " ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Bee. Ech., p. 1 3. Australia.

Bi:..nn. 1859. KI. u. Or. Actin., PI. XXXIX. f. 2.
" Dim. \\vv&, 1862. E. liin., ]>. 561.

Echinarachnius Zelandiae ! Gray, 1845. Drill h. Voy., IT. p. 265. New Zealand.
Arachnoides Zelandiae'. Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 11, PI. II. f. :.

•Auckland, *New Zealand (Edwards) ; *Port Mackay (Mus. Godef.) ; *Singapore (Novarra
Ex.) *Cape York (Salmin) ; Amboina ! Salomon Islands ! (J. d. P.) ; Flinder's Island ! Torres
Straits! Cape Upstart! (Brit. Mus.); Burmah ! (Boston N. II. Soc.) ; Philippine Islands!
(Semper); Luzon! (Mus. Berl.) ; Timor, Buru, Borneo, New Holland (Martens).

ARBACIA.

Cidaris Leske, 1778. Kl. Addit. (pars.)

Echinus Lamk. 181 G. An. s. Vert, (pars.)

Arbacia Gray 1835. Proc. Zobl. Soc. Lond., p. 58, April (non Agass.).

Echinocidaris Desml. 1835. Tabl. Syn. July.

Agarites Agass. 1841. Introd. Mon. Scut.

Tetrapygus Agass. 1841. Introd. Mon. Scut.

Agarites Agass. 1846. C. R Ann. Sc. Nat, VI.

Tetrapygus Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI.

SYNONYMY. 91

Arbacia Dufresnii

Echinus Dufresnii ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. Nat. O., p. 76.

" Dufresnii] Blainv. 1834. Actinol., p. 226.
Arbacia " ! Gray, 1835. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 38.
Echinocidaris Dufresnii Desml. 1837. Sjn., p. 303.

" " ! Ac ass. 1846. C R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 353.

» " ! Dim. HupE", 1862. Echin., p. 520.

" " ! Perrier, 1869. Pedicel., p. 144.

" " Verrill, 1871. Notes on Radiata, p. 580.

Agarites " ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 353.

Echinocidaris Schythei Phil. 185 7. Wieg. Archiv, I. p. 13. So. Extreni. So. Am.
" SchytheiDv.J. HupE", 1862. Echin., p. 521.

" " Perrier, 1869. Pedic., p. 145.

*So. Am. So. Extrem.; W. Coast Patagonia! Straits Magellan! (Brit. Mus.) ; Chili! (Ecol.
Min.) ; ? ? Madeira ! (J. d. P.)

Arbacia nigra

Echinus niger Mol. 1782. Chili, p. 175 (non Rumph). Chili.
Echinocidaris nigral Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 354. Peru.
" Mull. 1854. Bau d. Echin., PI. III. f. 1, 2.

" " Bronx, 1859. Kl. u. Ord. Actin., PL XXXIX. f. 19, 20.

" " ! Dili. HupE". 1862. Echin., p. 521.

" " ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p. 145.

" " Desml. 1871. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord., XXVU., PL XI. f. 7, S.

Tetrapygus nigerl Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 354.
Arbacia nigra ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 20.

" " ! Verrill, 1867. Notes on Radiata, p. 301.

Echinocidaris pustulosa Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 304 (non Agass.).
Echinus (Agarites) purpurescens ! Val. 1846. Voyage Venus, Zuoph., PL V.f 1. Peru.

*Coquimbo, Chili (D'Orbigny) ; *Mexillones, *Iquique (Dillingham, Putnam) ; *Valparaiso,
*Callao (Edwards); *Caldera (Putnam); whole coast Chili (Philippi) ; Cape Horn! (Mus.
Berl.) ; ? Philippine Islands! (Semper).

Arbacia punctulata

Echinus nodiformii Seba, 1758. Thes., III. PL X.f 10, a bl

Rnorr, 1771. Delic, PL D. I.f. 0; PL D. IH.f. G.

Echinus punctulatus ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 47. Grandes Indes?
" punctulatus ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. Nat. O., p 75.
" ! Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 226.
Arbacia punctulata ! Gray, 1835. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 58. (Not Phil. Mag., as says Desml.)
Arbacia " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 23.

Echinocidaris" Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 306.

" " I Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 353. W. Indies, So. Ca.

! Du.j. Hupe\ 1862. Echin., p. 520.
" ! Lutk. 1864. Bid., p. 97.

" ! A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I. Straits Florida.
" ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p. 144.
" " Desml. 1871. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. XXVII. PL X.f. 1, 2.

Agarites " ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 353.

Echinocidaris Davisii ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., p. 20. Naushon.

*Naushon (A. Agassiz) ; *Newport (Wyman) ; *Cape Fear, 7 fms. ; *Florida, off Tortugas,
13, 35, 36, 37, 44, 87, 125 fms.; *Sand Key, 20, 120 fms. (Pourtales) ; Fort Monroe! Captiva
Key, Fla. ! (Smithson. Coll.); *Beaufort, N. C. (Bickmore) ; *Charleston, S. C. (Agassiz);
*Charlotte Harbor (Maslin, YViiidemau) ; *E. coast Fla. (Burkhardt) ; *Savannah, Ga. (Agassiz) ;
*Indian Key (Wiirdeman) ; *Key West (Agassiz) ; *Hayti (Weinland).

92 SYNONYMY.

Arbacia pustulosa

Cidaxis assulata pustulosa Klein, 1734. Nat. Disp. Echin., PL XI. f. A, B.
Echinus lixula Linn. 1758. Syst. Nat

Kermesinus Seba, 1758. Tlies., III. PL X.f. S, IS.

Knorr, 1771. Delic, PL D.f. 7.

Cidaris pustulosa Leske, 1 778. Klein, Add, p. 85, PL XI. f A, B.
Echinus pustidosus Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst. Nat, 3179.
" " ! Lamk. 1816. A. s. V.

" " DesLong. Enc. Meth., PL CXLI.f. 6, 7.

" ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. Nat O., p. 75.
" ! Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 226, PL XX. f. S.

Edw. in Cirv. Reg. An. Ed. 111., PL XIII. f. 3.
Arbacia pustulosa ! GRAY, 1835. Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., April.
Arbacia " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 28.

Echinocidaris pustulosa'. Agass. 1816. C. It. Ann. So. Nat, VI. p. 354 (non Desml.). Brazil.
" " ! Dim. Ih ii:, 1862. Echin., p. 521.

" 1 Perkier, 1869. Pedic., p. 1 14.
Tetrapygus " ! Agass. 1846. C. It. Ann. Sc Nat, VI. p. 354.

Echinus aequituberculatus ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. Nat. O., p. 76.

" aequituberculatus ! Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 226.
Echinocidaris aequituberculata Desml. 1837. Svn., p. 306.

" " I Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 354, PL XV. f. S. Pa-

lcrmo, Algeria.
« •• Aradas, 1853. Monog. Ech. Atti. Gioen. VIII. p. 87. Sicily.

Mull. 1854. Abhdl., VII. PL II.. III.. IV (Pluteus).
Sars, 1857. Middelh. Litt. Faun., p. 110. Naples.
BRONN, 1859. Kl. n. Ord. Actin, p. 338.
! l)i i. IIri>E\ 1862. Echin., p. 521.

! Desml. 1871. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord., XXVII. PL XI. f. 5,0.
Tetrapygus aequituberculatus ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 354.
Arbacia equituberculata Okay, 1835. Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., p. 38.
Arbacia aequituberculata A. Agass. 1803. Bull. M. C. /.. I. p. 20. Fayal.
Echinus loculatus ! BLAINV. 1825. Diet. Sc. Nat. ().. p 75.

" loculatus'. Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 226.
Agariles loculatus Ac; \>s. 1846. C. It. Ann. Sc Nat., VI. p. 353.
Echinocidaris luculala\ Desml. 1837. Svn., p. 306.

« I Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 353. La Rochelle.
" 1 Duj. Hurri, 1862. Echin., p. 521.

" ! Desml. 1871. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord., XXVI. PL X.f. J, .;.
Echinus neapolitanus Delle Chiaje 1825. An. senz. Vert

" {Agariles) grandiiiosus ! Val. 1846. Voyage Venus, PL XI. f. I.
Echinocidaris grandinosa\ Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat , VI. p. 354. Carthagena.
" " ! Dij. IIii-lS, 1862. Echin., p. 521.

! Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p. 1 I".. /'/. IV. f. 7.
Tetrapygus grandinosus '. Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat,, VI. p. 354.
Echinocidaris sinensis Mich. MS. (Coll. Cotteau).

♦Palermo; *Naples (Panceri) ; *Fayal (Dabncy. Iligginson) ; *W. coast Italy (Rigacei) ;
*Cape Verde Islands (Bouvier) ; *Liberia ; *Cape Palinas (Perkins) ; W. coast Africa ! (J. d. P.j ;
La Rochelle (imported, Desml.) ; Madeira ! (Smithson. Coll.) ; Dalmatia (Miiller) ; Les>ina, Lissa,
(Heller); *Desterro, Brazil, (Fritz Miiller); *Rio Janeiro (Agassiz, Thayer Exp.); *Isla de
Marecas, *Arma5ao (Hartt, Thayer Exp.) ; Brazil! (J. d. 1'.).

SYNONYMY. 93

Arbacia spatuligera

Echinus (Agarites) spatuliger ! Val. 1846. Voyage Venus, PL V.f. 2.

Echinocidaris spatuligera ! Agass. 1846. Cat. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 353. Coquiuibo.

" " ! Duj. IIupe\ 1862. itch., p. 520.

" " ! Verrill, 1867. Notes Radiata, p. 300. Peru.

" " ! Perkier, 1863. Pedic., p. 144.

AgarUes " ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 353.

♦Callao (Edwards ; Bradley, Y r ale Coll.) ; * W. coast S. Am. (J. d. P.) ; Paita ! (Yale Coll.) ;
Coquimbo! (J. d. P.) ; Guayaquil! (Mus. Cop.) ; whole coast Chili (Philippi).

Arbacia stellata

Echinus stellatusl (Blainv.) 1825. Diet. Sc. Nat. O., p. 76 (non Gmel.)

" " ! Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 226.

Arbacia slellatal Gray, 1835. _Proc. Zobl. Soc. Lond., p. 38.
Echinocidaris stellata Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 306.

« " ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 353. Galapagos.

" ! Duj. HupiS, 1862. Echin., p. 520.
" " ! Verrill, 1867. Notes Radiata, p. 298. Peru, San Salvador.

" ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p. 144.
Agarites stellatus\ Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 353.
Echinocidaris incisa ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 20. Panama, Guaymas.
" longispina! Lutk. 1864. Bid., p. 130, PI. I.f. 7. Realejo.

♦Panama (Sternberg, Edwards) ; *Sta. Barbara (Jewett) ; *Guayraas (Stone) ; *Margarita
Bay, Califa (Essex Inst.); *Zorritos (Bradley, Y'ale Coll.); Galapagos! (J. d. P.); La
Union ! (Yale Coll.).

ASTHENOSOMA.

Asthenosoma Grube, 1867. Jahresb. A. Schles. Ges.

Calveria W. Thoms. 1869. Dredging Report Porcup. Exped., Proc. R. S. ^\

Asthenosoma hystrix

Calveria hystrix ! W. Thoms. 1869. Dredging Report Porcupine. Atlantic, deep sea.
Cat ceria hystrix \ A. Agass. 1871. Bull. M. C. Z., II. p. 457. fi£j0l,

♦Straits of Florida, 138 f'ms. (Pourtales) ; *between Eockall and Rona, 547 fms. off Vigo,
S. Cape Finistere (Porcupine Exped.).

Asthenosoma varium

Asthenosoma varium! Grube, 1867. Jahresb. d. Schles. Ges., p.

China Seas! (Breslau Mus.).

(MELLITA.) Astriclypeus.

Astriclypeus Verrill, 1867. Notes Radiata, p. 31 :.
Crustulum Trosch. 1868. Bonn. Jubilaeun d. Fried. Willi. Univ.

Astriclypeus Manni

Astriclypeus Manni! Verrill, 1867. Notes on Radiata, p. 311.
Astriclypeus Manni \ A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z. Japan.
Crustulum gratulans ! Troschel, 1868. Bonn., PI. I.

Crustulum gratulans ! Troschel, 1869. Verhandl. N. H. Ver. Preuss. Rheinl., p. 96.
« « ! Troschel, 1869. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 52. Japan.

*Linguin, China Seas (Liv'p'l Mus.) ; *Japan (Salmin) ; Yokohama! (Martens).

94 SYNONYMY.

ASTROPYGA.

Cidaris Leske, 1778. Kl. Add. (pars.)
Echinus Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst. N. (pars.)
Cidarites Lamk. 1816. An. s. V. (pars.)
Aatropyga (Iiiay, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 4.
Diadema Desml. 1837. Syn. (pars.)

Astropyrja Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 345. (pars.)
" Peters, 1855. Sccig. v. Mossamb., p. 112.

Astropyga pulvinata

Cidarites pulvinata ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 59.
Diadema pulvinatwn ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 22.

" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 312.

Astropyga pulrinata ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 345.

" " ! Bolsche, 1865. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 336.

" dubial Peters, 1853. Monatsb. Bcrl. Ak., p. 484.

" dubial Peters, 1855. Sccig. v. Mos., p. 114,/ .'.

" " ! Bolsche, 1865. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 335.

" depressa ! Gray, 1855. Proc. Zobl. Soc. Lond., p. 38.

" depressa\ Bolsche, 18G5. Wieg. Arch , I. p. 336.

" " ! Verrii.l, 1871. Notes Radiata, p. 579.

" venusta ! Yerrill, 1867. Notes Radiata, p. 296. Panama.

*San Solvador (Dow, Smithson. Coll.); *Panama (Bradley, Vale Coll.); La Paz! (Yale ColL
Pedersen) ; Mazatlan ! (Mus. Stockholm, C'opcnh., Berlin, Hamburg).

Astropyga radiata

Echionanthus major Seba, 1758. Thes., III. PI. XIV. f. I, 2.

Cidaris radiata Leske, 17 78. Kl. Eeh., PL XLIV. f. 1. Copied from Seba in Enc. M., PL

CXL.f.6, 6.
" radiata Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 232, PL XX* f. 7.
Echinus radialus Gmel. 1788. Lix. Syst. Nat., 3174.
Cidarites radiata ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 59. Asia.
Astropyga radiata ! Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 2. ? S. Am.
Astropyga " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 22.

" " 1 Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 345.

" " ! Peters, 1855. Seeig. v. Mos., p. 112,/ 6, 6. Mozambique.

" - ! Duj. Hupe", 1862. K.liin.. p. 506.

" " ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 18.

" " ! Martens, 1866. Wicg. Archiv, 1. p. 158. Molucca, Amboina.

" " ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p 137.

Diailema radialum Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 312.
Astropyga major Bolsche, 1865. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 335.

" mossambica! Pet. 1853. Monatsb. Berlin Ak., p. 484. Mozambique.

" mossambica'. Pet. 1855. Secig. v. Moss., p. 112, /' 1.

'• " ! Bolsche, 1865. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 335.

♦Zanzibar (Ropes, Essex Tn=t.) ; *Mauritius (Pike); Mozambique! (Peters); Philippine
Islands ! (Semper) ; Timor, Molucca (Martens) ; Borneo ! (Brit. Mus.).

SYNONYMY. 95

BREYNIA.

Spatangus Leach, 1815. Zool. Miscell.

Brissus Agass. 1836. Prod, (pars.)

Breynia Des. 1847. Ag. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VIII. p. 12.

Breynia Australasiae

Spatangus Australasiae Leach, 1815. Zool. Miscell., II. p. 68. Australia.
Breynia Australasiae ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec, Ech., p. 46.

" " ! Gray, 1851. Ann. Mag. N. H., VII. p. 131.

Spatangus Crux Andreae ! Lamk. 1816. An s. Vert, p. 31. So. Pacific.

" Crux Andreae Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 378. Red Sea.

Breynia Crux Andreae ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VIII. p. 12, PL XVI. f. 1.
Breynia Crux Andreael Duj. Hupe\ 1862. Echin., p. 601.

" Desorii ! Gray, 1851. Ann. Mag. N. IL, VII. p. 131. Swan Riv.

" Desoriil Gray, 1855. Cat. R. Ech., p. 46.

" Leachei Gray. MS. (Brit. Mus.).

♦Australia, Port Jackson (U. S. Ex. Exp. Smithson. Coll.) ; *Australian Ocean; Hong Kong!
(Vienna Mus.) ; Swan Riv. ! W. Australia, King George's Sound ! (Brit. Mus.) ; Red Sea,
(Savigny); Hakodadi! (W. Stimpson, Smithson. Coll.).

(HEMIASTER.) Brissopsis.

Brissopsis Agass. 1840. Cat. Syst. Ectyp., p. 16.

Brissus Forbes, 1841. Brit. Starfish.

Brissopsis Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. N., VIII. p. 15.

Brissiopsis Gray, 1848. Brit. Rad.

Kleinia Gray, 1851. Ann. Mag. N. H., VII. p. 133 (non A. Agass.).

Cyclaster Cott. 1856. Bull. Soc. Geol. fr. p. 319.

Toxobrissus Des. 1858. Synops. Ech. foss., p. 399.

Hemiaster Des. 1847. C. R Ann. Sc. Nat, VIII.

Brissopsis luzonica

Kleinia luzonica! Gray, 1851. Ann. Mag. N. IL, VII. p. 133. Philippine Islands.
Kleinia luzonica ! Gray, 1855. Cat. R. Echin., p. 49, PL IV. f. 5.
" ! Duj. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 599-

♦Formosa (Mus. Godeff.) ; *Siam (Salmin) ; New Caledonia ! (Crosse) ; Banca Straits ! (Sal-
min) ; East India! (Mus. Godeff.) ; Luzon! (Brit. Mus.).

Brissopsis lyrifera

Knorr, 1771. Delia, PI. D. II. j. 6, 7.1

Brissus lyrifei I Forbes, 1841. Brit Starf., p. 187, fig. Isle of Man.

" lyrifer ! Duben och Koren, 1844. Skand. Echin., p. 280, PI. X.f. 46. Norway.
Brissopsis lyrifera I Agass. Des. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VIII. p. 15, PI. XVI. f. 12.
" " Mull. 1854. Bau d. Echin., PL III./. 6, 7.

" Bronn, 1859. Kl. u. Ord. Actinoz., PL XXXlX.f.21; PL XLII.j.6.
" " I Sars, 1861. Norges Ech, p. 96.

" " Duj. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 597.

" " 1 Lutk. 1864. Bid., p. 181.

96 SYNONYMY.

Brissopsis lyrifera {continual).

Brissopsis lyrifera ! A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., p. 275.

" lyrifer\ Perrier, 18G9. Pedic, p. 173, PL VII. f. 9.
Brissiopsis lyrifera ! Gray, 1848. Brit. Rail., p. 7.
Brissiopsis " Gray, 1855. Cat. R Echin., p. 55. Shetland.
Brissus pulvinatus Phil. 1845 Wieg. Arch., I. p. 348. Sicily.
Schizaster incertus Aradas, 1850. Monog. Ech. Atti. Gioen., VI, p. 91.
Brissopsis parma ! Yal. 1869. In Perr. Pedic., p. 178.

*Droback (Eschricht) ; *Christianiafjord (G. O. Sars) ; *W. coast Norway, Bergen (Sars) ;
*Great Britain; Greenland, Clyde (Forbes) ; Isle of Man (Gray) ; *off Valencia (Porcup. Exp.) ;
♦Mediterranean, Adventure Bk. (Porcup. Exp.); *W. coast Iialy (Rigaeci); ^Mediterranean
(Cotteau) ; Naples, Palermo (Pliilippi) ; *off Alligator Reef, 53, 79 fins., *off Marquesas,
5o fms., *Florida Gulf Stream, 55, 79, 128 fms., *Sombrero, 112 fins., *Teunessee Reef,
114 fms. (Pourtales).

BRISSUS.

Brissus Klein, 1734. Nat Disp. Echin.
Echinus Gmel. 1788. Syst Nat. (pars.)
Spatangus Leskb, 1778. Kl. Adilit. (pars.)
Brissus A.G \ss. 1849. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VIII.
Bryssus Mart. 1869. Ducken's Reise.

Biissus carinatus

SEBA, 1758. Tins., III. IV. XIV. f. 3,4.

E. M, /'/. CXLVIII.f. 11.

Spatangus Leske, 1778. Kl.. Ad., p. 249, I't. XLVIII.f. 4, 5.

Spatangus carinatus! I.amk. 1816. An. s. Vert . p. SO. Mauritius, So. Pacific.
" carinatus I Blainv. 1834. Actinol., p. 208.
" Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 380.

Brissus " ! Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 9.

" " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 185.

" " I Mich. 1845. Rev. Mag. Zool., p. 7.

! Agass. 1847. C. R Ann. Sc. Nat, VIII. p. 13.
! Gray, 1855. Cat. R. Echin., p. 53.
" " ! Dim. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 605.

! Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 181.

*

♦Society Islands, *Sandwich Islands, *Kiugsmills Islands (Garrett) ; *East Indies (Swift)
Bourbon (J. d. P.); *Mauritius (Pike); *Isle de France; Philippine Islands! (Semper)
Feejee Islands ! Pelew Islands ! (Mus. Godeff.).

Brissus obesus

Brissus obesus ! Verrill, 1867. Notes Radiata, p. 316. Gulf Califa.
" obesus \ Verrill, 1869. Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., p. 382.
" " ! Verrill, 1871. Notes Radiata, p. 589. Cape St. Lucas.

*La Paz; *Panama (Jewett) ; Cape St. Lucas ! (Smithson. Coll.).

SYNONYMY. 97

Brissus unicolor

Brissus unicolor ! Klein, 1 734. Ecliin , PL XXVI. f. B, C.

Brissus unicolor Leske, 1778. Klein, Ad., PL XXVI. f. B, C.
Spatangus unicolorl Blainv. 1834. Actinol., p. 203.
" " ! Desml. 1837. Syn , p. 382.

Slo ane, 1 725. Jam., PL CCXLII. f.S-S.

Seba, 1758. Thes, III. PL X.f. 19, 19a. Copied, E. M., PL CLVIII.f. 9 10.

Kkorb, 1771. Delic, PL D. I.f. 13.

Spatangus Brissus var. ovatus LeSKE, 1 778. Kl., PL XXXVIII. f. 4- Copied from Knokk.
Echinus ovatus Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst. Nat., 3199.
Spatangus ocatus Lamk. 1816. A. s. V. p. 30 (non Leske).

" columbaris! Lam. 1816. A. s. V., p. 30. Americ. Ocean.
" columbaris I Blainv. 1834. Actinol., p. 203.

Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 384.
Brissus columbaris ■! Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 9.
« " ! Agass. .1836. Prod., p. 185.

" " ! Agass. Des. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VIII., p. 13. Cuba.

" " ! Dcj. Heps', 1862. Echin., p. 605.

« « ! LtiTK. 1864. Bid., p. 118.

" columbarius ! Gray, 1855. Cat. R. Echin., p. 54, PL VI. f. 3. West Indies.
" carinatus Risso, 1826. Prod. Eur. Mer., V. p. 279 (non Lamk).

» Aradas, 1853. Monog. Ech. Atti. Gioen., VI. p. 83.

" Scillae! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 185.
« Scillae \ Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Se. Nat., VIII. p. 13, PL X VI. f. 9. Mediterranean.

" ! Gray, 1855. Cat. R. Ech., p. 52.
" " ! Bronn, 1859. Klass. u. O. Actin., PL XLlI.f. S.

" ! Dcj. Hcpe\ 1862. Echin., p. 605, PL IX. f. 7.
" placenta Phil. 1845. VYieg Arch., I. p 349. Sicily.

" dimidiatus ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VIII. p. 13. Canary Islands.
" dimidiatus Gray', 1855. Cat. R. Ech., p. 52.
<• " ! Du.j. Hcpe", 1862. Echin., p. 605.

*Tortugas, Fla. (Whitehurst) ; *Cape Florida (Wurdeman) ; *Jeremie, Hayti (Weinland) ;
♦Bermudas; *Jamaica (Adams); *Gulf Stream, Fla., 128, 106, 80, 17 fms., *Sand Key
(Pourtales) ; Cuba! (Arango) ; Guadeloupe! (Mus. Copenh.) ; *Mediterranean ; *Naples (Pan-
ceri) ; *W. coast Italy (Rigacci) ; *Canaries, Lazarote (Haeckel) ; *Cape Verde Islands (Bouvier) ;
Palermo (Gray).

(DIADEMA.) Centrostephanus.

Diailema Phil. 1845. Wieg. Archiv, p. 354. (pars.)
Centrostephanus Pet. 1855. Denk. Ak. Berlin, p. 109.
Thrichodiadema A. Agass. 1863. Proc. A. N. S., Phila.
Echinodiadema Verrill, 1867. Notes Radiata.

Centrostephanus coronatus

Echinodiadema coronata ! Verriix, 1867. Notes Radiata, p. 294. Cape St. Lucas.
Echinodiadema coronata\ Verrill, 1871. Notes Radiata, p. 580.
Diadema mexicanum ! A. Agass. pars, 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 282.
Thrichodiadema coronatum ! A. Agass. MS.

Cape St. Lucas ! (Xanthus, Smithson. Coll.).

98 SYNONYMY.

Centrostephaims longispinus

Diailema longispina Phil. 1845. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 354. Sicily.

" longispina Bolsche, 1865. Wieg. Arch., L p. 327.
Centrostephanus longispinus I Pet. 1854. Seeig. v. Moss., p. 109.
Diadema europaeuml Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 346. Palermo.

" europaeum Aradas, 1853. Monog. Ech. Atti. Gioen., VIII. p. 168.

" " ! Duj. Hcpe\ 1862. Echin., p. 505.

Palermo (Philippi) ; Canary Inlands (Forbes) ; Madeira ! (J. d. P.) ; Mediterranean ! (Ecol.
Min.).

Centrostephanus Rodgersii

Thrichodiadema Rodgersii ! A. Agass. 1863. Proc. A. N. S. Phila., p. 354. Port Jackson.
Thrichodiadema Rodgersii BoLSCHK, 1865. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 836.

*Port Jackson (Stimpson) ! *Houtman's Abrolhos (Liv'p'l Mus.); Bondy Head! Tasmania!
(Brit. Mus.) ; New Caledonia! (Leipzig Mus.).

CIDAEIS.

Cidaris Ki.ein, 1 734. Nat Disp. Ech. (pars.)
Cidarites Lam. 1816. An. s. Vert (pars.)
Leiocidaris Dcj. IIiie\ 1862. Echin. (pars.)
Cidaris Agass. 1846. C. It. Ann. s,-. Nat, VI. (pars.)
Gymiiocidaris A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 1 7.

Cidaris metularia

Kumpii, 1705. Amli. Rarit Kam. /'/. XIII. f. 4.

Echinometra muscosa amboinemis Seba, 1758. Thus., III. PI. XIII. f. 10, 11. Copied in DisLong.

En. Metli.. /'/. CXXXIV.f.8.

Lebke, 1778. Ki.. Ad., PL XXXIX.f. ;.

Cidarites metularia! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Veit, p. 56 (non Lutk.). Isle de France.

« melii/ttriu Di.smi.. 1887. Syn., p. 324.

Ciduris '• ! Bi.aixv. 1830. Actin., p. 232.

» " ! A<;.\ss. 1836. Prod., p. 21.

! Mick. 1845. Rev. Mag. ZooL, p. 17.
" " ! Agass. 1846. C. 11. Ann. Sc. Nat , VI. p. 326. Seychelles, Salomon.

I Duj. Hdp^, 1862. Echin., p. 470.

! Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 1 12. Amboina, Red Sea.
! Perrier, 1860. IYdic, p. 125, PI. ///./. .'.
Gymnocidaris metularia ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 17. Zanzibar.

minor ! A. An.vss. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 17. Sandwich Islands.

*Red Sea (J. d. P.); *Zanzibar (Cooke, Ropes. Webb); 'Salomon Mauds (J. d. P.) : ♦Sand-
wich Islands, Kingsmills (Garrett) ; 'Mauritius (Pike); Madagascar! Seychelles 1 Isle de France!
(J. d. P.) ; So. China Sea, 40 this. ; Amboina (Martens) ; Philippine Islands! (Semper); Feejee
Islands! (Mus. Godeff.) ; Cape Good Hope ! (Brit. Mus.).

Cidaris Thouarsii

Cidaris Thouarsii! Vai.. 1846. An. Des. C R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 326. California. Galapagos.
ThouarsM A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z , I. p. 17. Panama.
! Verrill, 1867. Notes Radiata, p. 294.
" - I Verrii.i., 1871, Notes Radiata, p. 579. La Paz.

Leiocidaris " ! DDJ. HirE". 1862. Echin., p. 485.

! Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p. 130. PI. III./. S, 10.

SYNONYMY. 99

Cidaris Thouarsii {continued).

Cidaris Danae ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 326.
Leiocidaris Danae ! Duj. Hufe', 1862. Echin., p. 485. California.
Cidaris Callao ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic., p. 129. Callao.

*Guaymas (Capt. Stone) ; Gulf Calif. ! (Mus. Copenh.) ; *Galapagos ; *Panama (Adams, A.
Agassiz, Jewett) ; *Cape St. Lucas, *Manzanillo ! (Xanthus, Smithson. Coll.) ; Pearl Islands !
(Bradley, Yale Coll.) ; La Paz! (Yale Coll.).

Cidaris tribuloides

Sloane, 1 725. Jam., PI. CCXL I V. f. 4-7.

Knorr, 17 71. Delic, PL D. HI. f. 5. Copied in Leske, PI. XXX VII. f. 3.

Cidarites tribuloides ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 56. Indian Ocean.
" tribuloides Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 322.

DesLong. 1824. E. M., PI. CXXXVI.f.4, 5.
Cidaris " ! Blainv. 1830. Diet. S. Nat., p. 200.

" " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 21.

Edw. in Cuv. Reg. An. Ed. 111., PI. XII. f. 1. 2.
! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI., p. 326. Cuba.
Mull. 1854. Bau d. Ech., PI. II. f. 7.
" Bronx, 1859. Kl. u. Ord. Aetin., PI. XXXIX. f. 1.
" " ! Duj. Hup^, 1862. Ech., p. 470.

" ! Stewart, 1865. Trans. Lin. Soc, XXV., PI. XLVII. f.5,6; PI. XLVIII.
f. 3, 5, 11.
" " ! Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 143.

" ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic., p. 126.
" annulata ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., p. 17 (non Gray). Florida.
" " ! Stewart, 1870. Mic. Jour., XI. PL IV.

" metularial Lutk. 1864. Bid. p. 79 (non Lamk. nee Agass.). W. Indies.

*Tortugas (Agassiz, Dr. Holder, Mills, Woodbury) ; *Hayti (Weinland, Uhler) ; *Florida
Gulf Stream, 116 fms. (Pourtales) ; *Cuba (Arango) ; *Tortugas, 36, 30 fms., *Cuba (Pourtales) ;
♦Aspinwall (Bradley, Y T ale Coll.) ; *Gulf of Mexico ; *Cape Palmas (Perkins, Essex Inst.) ;
♦Cape Verde Islands (Bouvier) ; Rio Janeiro! (Mus. Copenh.) ; So. Carolina ! (Gibbes).

CLYPEASTER.

Echinanthus Bkeyn. 1732. Schedias. (pars.)
Scutum Klein, 1734. Nat. Disp. Echin. (pars.)
Echinus Lin. 1758. Syst. Nat. (pars.)
Echinodiscvs Leske, 1778. Kl. Addit. (pars.)
Scutella Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, (pars.)
Clypeaster Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, (pars.)
Echinanthus Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil, (pars.)
Lagana Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil, (pars.)
Echinarachnius Agass. 1836. Prod, (pars.)
Laganum Des. 1857. Syn. Ech. foss. (pars.)
Clypeaster Mull. 1854. Bau d. Echin.
Laganinum Gray, 1855. Cat. R. Echin.
Stolouoclypus Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z.
Raphidoclypus A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z.
Stoloniclypeus Vehrill, 1867. Notes Radiata.

100 SYNONYMY.

Clypeaster humilis

RUMPH, 1 70."). Barit. Kam., PI XIV. f. < '.

Sera, 1758. Tins.. III. PL XV.f. IS, U.

Scutum angutare h urn He I Klein, 1 734. PI. XIX. f. A , B.
Echinanthus humile Lf.ske, 1778. Kl. Add, PI. XIX. f. . I, Ii.
Echinus rosaceus LlNN. 1758. Syst. Nat. X. p. GG5. (pars.)

" rosaceus Gmel. 1788. Lin. Syst N., 8186. (pars.)
Scutella placunaria ! Lajik. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 12. Australian Ocean.
Scutella phicunaria Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 228.
Echinodiscus placunarius\ Blainv. 1834. Actinol., p. 218.
Echinarachnius placunarius I Agass. 1837. Prod., p. 188.

Clypeaster placunarius I Agass. Des. 1*47. ('. K. Ami. Sc. N»t, VII. p. 130. Red Sea.
Mull. 185 l. Bau (1. Echin., PL III./. 8- /; : PI. IV. f.S.

" " BRONN, 1859. Kl. u Ord. Actin.. PI. XXXIX. J. J, //, /.', .'., R5.

Mien. 1861. Clyp., PI. XIV. f. 1.
" ! Duj. Hupe", 18G2. Echin., p. 571.

Echinanthus " ! Gray, 1855. Cat R Ech, p. 7. Muscat

Scutella ambigena ! Lamk. 181G. An. s. Vert, p. 12.
Scutella ambigena \ Blainv. 1*27. Art. Scut. 1). S. N., p. 229.

Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 228.
Echinanthus ambigena \ Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 5.
Clypeaster ambigentu ! Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 216.

" li Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 214.

Scutella latissima ! Lamk. 181 fi. An. s. Vert, p. 12. Ocean Austral.?
Scutella latissima Desml. 1887. Syn., p. 228.
Echinodiscus latissimus) Blainv. 1834. Actinol., p. 218.
Echinarachnius latissimus\ Ac lsb. 1886. Prod., p. 188.
Laganum latissimuml Ac v-s. Des. 1847. C. B. Ann. Sc. Nat . VIII. p. 27.
y " " Hdp^, 185.6. In Casteln. Voy., p. 1, Zooph.

Laganinum latissimuml Gray, 1855. Cat. U. Ech., p. 11.
Clypeaster Rumphii Desml. 1887. Syn., p. 216.
Echinanthus explanatus ! Gray, 1851. IVoc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 35. Mauritius.

" explanatus 1 Gray, 1855. Cat. It. Ech., p. 7, /'/. //./ 1.

? " productus : (it: \ v. 1S51. 1'roc. Zool. Soc I.ond., p. 35.

? " productus ! Gray, 1855. Cat. B. Ech., p. 6, /'/. VI. f. 4.

Clypeaster Saisseti ! MlCH. 1861. Rev. Mag. Zool , p. 828, /'/. IX. f. 2. New Caledonia.

♦Red Sea (J. d. P.); "Indian Ocean; 'Calcutta (Theobald); Ceylon! (Humbert, Loriol.);

Timor, (Martens); Muscat! (Brit. Mus.) ; New Caledonia! (Ecol. Min.) ; Philippine Islands!
(Semper).

Clypeaster rotundus

Stolouoclypus rotundus! A. AGA88. 18G3. Bull. M. C. Z.. I. p. 25. Acapulco.
Stolouiclypeus rotundus \ Vf.RRILL, 18G7. Notes Kadiata, p. 81 I. Panama.
Clypeaster Riisei ! Lutk. 1864. Bid., p. 132. Panama.

♦Acapulco (A. Ajjassiz) ; ♦Panama! (Bradley, Yale Coll.); *Cape St. Lucas (Xanthus,
4 Smithson. Coll.) ; San Diego.

SYNONYMY. 101

Clypeaster scutiformis

Echinus reticulatus Linn. 1758. Syst. Nat, X. p. 666. (pars.)

Echinus reticulatus Gmel, 1788. Linn. Syst. Nat, 3191. (pars)

Echinodiscus reticulatus Leske, 1778. Kl. Add.it., p. 143, PL XLV. f. 8, 9, copied from Gtal-

Scutella reticulata Blainv. 1827. Art. Scut. D. S. N., p. 228. [teri, PL CX. f. I>.

Clypeaster reticulatus Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 214.

" " 'Mart. 1866. Wieg. Archiv., 1 p. 171.

Echinus planus scutiformis Seb A, 1758. Thes., III. PL XV. f. 23, 24, copied in E. M., PL
" scutiformis Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst. Nat. [CXLVII. f. 3, 4.

Clypeaster scutiformis ] Lasik. 1816. An. s. Vert, p. 14. Indian Ocean?

" « ! Blainv. 1834. Actinol., p. 216.

" " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 187.

! Agass. Des. 1847. C. R. Ann. Se. Nat, VII. p 130. Persian Gulf.
! Mich. 1861. Clyp. Monog., PL XVIII. f. 1.
Lagana scutiformis] Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 6.
Echinanthus scutiformis Gray, 1855. Cat R. Ech , p. 5. Red Sea.
Laganum scutiforme Desor, 1857. Synop. Echin., p. 228.

" Du.j. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 559.
Rhaphidoclypus scutiformis A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., p. 25.
Scutella clypeastriformis Blainv. 1827. Art. Scut. Diet. S. N., p. 228.

clypeastriformis Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 230.
Lagana ovalis Blainv. 1834. Actinol., p. 215.
Scutella ovalis Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 188.
Echinanthus Coleae ! Gray, 1851. Proc. Zobl. Soc. Lond., p. 35. Mauritius.

« Coleae ! Gray, 1855. Cat. R. Ech., p. 6, PL II. f 3.

" oblongus ! Gray, 1851. Proc Zobl. Soc. Lond., p. 35. Philippines.

" oblongus ! Gray, 1855. Cat. R. Ech., p. 6, PL If. 3.

Rhaphidoclypus microtuberculatus ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z, p. 25. Kingsmills Islands.

*Red Sea; *Bourbon (J. d. P.); *Krusenstern Island; *Kingsmills Islands (Garrett); Persian
Gulf! Siguigor, Philippine Islands! (Brit. Mus.) ; Formosa! (Mus. GodeflF.) ; Timor, Flores
(Martens).

Clypeaster subdepressus

Scutum angulare humile ! Klein, 1 734. PL XIX. f. C, D.
Echinanthus subdepressus ! Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 5.

" subdepressus] Gray, 1855. Cat. R. Echin., p. 7. E. (W.) coast Africa.

Clypeaster " ! Agass. 1836. Prod, p. 187.

" Rangianus Desml. 1835. Etud. s. Echin., p. 62, PL I. W. coast Africa.

" Rangianus Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 214.

" Agass. Des. 1847. Ann. Sc. Nat, VII. p. 130.

Bronn, 1859. Kl. u. Ord. Actin., PL XXXIX. f 13, 18.
Duj. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 571.
Echinanthus " Mull. 1854. Bau d. Echin , PL IV. f 2: PI. V.f 1-4.

Scutella gibbnsa ! (Rav.) 1845. J. A. N. S. Phila., p. 253 (non Risso nee Serres).
Clypeaster prostratus ! Rav. 1848. Cat. Ech. So Ca. So. Carolina.

" prostratus] Lutk. 1864. Bid., p. 102, PL II. f. 2. W.Indies.
Stolouoclypus prostratus ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 125 Florida.
IStolonoclypus " ! A. Agass. 18G9. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 2.

" Ravenellii! A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., 265. Straits of Florida.

Laganum latissimum] Hupe", 1856. Casteln., Voyage Am. Sud, p. 98 (non Lam.). Brazil.
Clypeaster ambigena ! Mich. 1861. Clypeast. foss. Mem. Soc. geol. Fr., PL XV. f. 1 (non Lam.).
" guadeloupensis ! Mich. MS. (Ecol. Min.) Guadeloupe.

*Tortugas (Agassiz) ; *Charleston, S. C. (Gibhes) ; Cuba ! (Arango) ; *Carysfort Eeef, 40 fms.,
♦Florida Reef, *S. of Rebecca Shoal, 11, 15 fms., Gulf Stream, Fla., 34 fms. (Pourtales) ; *Georgia
(Liv'p'l Mus.) ; Isle des Princes ! (J. d. P.) ; W. coast Africa! (Brit. Mus.) ; Brazil ! (Casteln.).

102 SYNONYMY.

COELOPLEURUS.

Coelopleurus Agass. 1840. Cat. Syst. Ectyp.
Coelopleurus Agass. 1846 C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI.
Keraiaphorus MlCH. 1862. Maillard, Bourbon. Ann. A.
Coelopleurus A. Agass. 1871. Bull. M. C. Z., II.

Coelopleurus floridanus

Coelopleurus sp. ! A. Ac ass. 1871. Bull. M. C. Z., II. p. 456. Straits of Florida.
*Off Tennessee Reel', li'.O tins. (Pourtales).

Coelopleurus Maillardi

Keraiaphorus Maillardi MlCH. 1 8r,2. Maillaro, Bourbon Annex. A., p. 2, PL XIV. Bourbon.
( ',„ loph urus Maillardi A. Agass. 1871. Bull. M. C. Z., II. p. 456.

Bourbon! (Ecol. Min. Maillard).

COLOBOCENTROTUS.

Echinus Linn. 1758. Syst Nat. (pars.)
Cidaris Leske, 1778. Klein, Addit. (pars.)
Echinometra Gray, is-2.">. Ann. Phil, (pars.)
Colobocentrotus BRANDT, 1835. Prod., p. 266.
Echinometra Deshl. 1887. Syn , p. 268. (pars.)
Colobocentrus GRAY, 1840. Syn. Brit. Mus.
Podophora Agass. 1840. Cat. Syst Ectyp.
Colobocentrotus A. A. .ass. 1863. Proe. A. N. S. Phila., p. 354.
/'•■i/ophora Agass. 1846. C. It. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI.

Colobocentrotus atratus

Echinus atratus Linn. 1758. Syst. Nat . ed. X. p. 665.
" atratus Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst Nat, 8177.

'• ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. Nat O., p. 96.
Echinometra atrata !"Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 5.

" ! Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 225, PL XX. f. 1.
'• ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 22.
DESML. 1837. Syn.. p. 262.
Edw. in Cuv. Reg. An. Ed. Ill , PI. XIII. f. I.
'• ! Mich. 1845. Rev. Mag. ZooL, p. 1 1. Isle de France.
Colobocentrotus atratus Brandt, 1835. Prod., p. 267.
Podophora atrata \ Agass. 1840. Cat. Syst. Ectyp.

Podophora " ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 374. Seychelles Islands.
" ! Du.i. Heps', 1862. Echiii., p. 541.
" ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. '/.., I. p. 21. Mauritius.
" ! Stewart, 1865. Trans. Linn. Soc, XXV. PI. II. f. 7.
" " ! Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 168. Java, Molucca.

" I Perkier, 1869. Pedic, p. 165, PL VI. f. 8a.
Colobocentrus atratus Mull. 1854. Bau d. Eeh., p. 8.

Cidaris violacea Lk.ske, 1778. Kl. Add . p. 58, /'/. XLVIL /■ 1, 2; copied in Enc. Meth., PL

CXL.f.l-i.

SYNONYMY. 103

Colobocentrotus atratus {continued).

Echinus Quoy ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. Nat. O., p. 96.
Echinometra Quoyii\ Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 225.

" " ! AGASS. 1836. Prod., p. 23.

" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 262.

" " ! Duj. Hupe\ 1862. Echin., p. 539.

Colobocentrotus Quoyi Brandt, 1835. Prod., p. 267.

Podophora " ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. Sandwich Islands.

Echinus pedifer ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. N. O., p. 97. Oahu.
Echinometra pedifera ! Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 225.

" " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 23.

» " ! Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 264.

Colobocentrotus pedifer Brandt, 1835. Prod., p. 267.
Podophora pedifera I Agass. 184C. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 370. ? Valparaiso.

" » ! Du.i. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 541.

Colobocentrotus Leskei Brandt, 1835. Prod., p. 266 (non A. Agass.).

♦Zanzibar; *Seyehelles Islands; *Mauritius (Pike); *Sand\vicli Islands (Garrett); Java,
Moluccas (Martens); *Callao? Valparaiso? (U. S. Ex. Exp., Smithson. Coll.).

Colobocentrotus Mertensii

Colobocentrotus Mertensii Brandt, 1835. Prod , p. 266. Bonin Islands.

Colobocentrotus Mertensii Duj. Hup^, 1862. Ecbin., p. 541.

Echinometra " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 268.

Colobocentrotus Leskci\ A. Agass. 1863. Proc. A. N. S. Phila., p. 354 (non Brandt). Bonin Is.

Podophora quadriseriata Troschel, 1869. Verbdl. d. Vaterland, Cult. d. Rbeinpf., p. 96.

*Bonin Islands (W. Stimpson, Smithson. Coll.) ; Australia (Troschel).

DIADEMA.

Diadema Sciiyxv. 1711 (non Schcm. 1817).
Cidarites Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, (pars.)
Diadema Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil.
Cidaris Blainv. 1834. Actin. (pars.)
Diadema Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI.

" Peters, 1855. Denk. Ak. Berlin.

" Bolsche, 18C5. Wieg. Arch., I.

Diadema mexicanum

Diadema mexicanum ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., p. 19. Acapulco.
" mexicanum \ Bolsche, 1865. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 328.
" mexicana\ Verrill, 1867. Notes Radiata, p. 294. Cape St. Lucas.

*Acapulco (A. Agassiz) ; *Cape St. Lucas (Xanthus, Smithson. Coll.).
Diadema setosum

Sloane, 1725. Jam., PL CCXLIII.

Knorr, 1771. Delic , PL DHL f. 1, 2, copied in Leske, 1 7 78, PL XXX VII. f 1,

Cidarites diademal (Lam.) 1816. An. s. Vert, p. 58 (non Lin.).

" Say, 1825. Journ. Ac. N. S. Phila., p. 225. Florida.

Cidaris " Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 231. 77. XX b ">f. 6.

104 SYNONYMY.

Diadema setosum (continued).

Dkidema turcarum Desmi. 1837. Syn., p. 808. (pars.)

" " ! Mich. 1815. Rev. Mag. Z., p. 15. (par?.) Isle de France.

" " ! AGA8S. 1846. C. 11. Ann. Sc. Nat, YI. p. 850. W. Indies.

" •• I Duj. HrrE\ 1862. Eehin., p. 310.

" " Perrier, 1869. Pedic . p. 135, /'/. IV. f. 3c.

" setosa ! (Gray,) 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 4 (non RrjMPH.).
" .setosum Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 310.

" setosa ! Peters, 1854. Seeig. v. Moss., p. 109. Mozambique.
" " Boi.sciie, 1865. Wieg. Ar<h.. 1. p. 825. "\V. Indies.

" Savignyi ! Mich. 1845. Rev. Mag. '/.., p. 15. Isle de Frame.

" Sarigni/i'. AGA88. 1846. C. K. Ann. Sc. Nat., YI. p. 349. Red Sea, Bombay, Seychelles,

Madagascar.
IDesor, 1854. Synops. Ech. foss., PL XIILf. S.
" " I Ddj. Hope", 1862. Echin, p. 505.

" " Bolsche, 1865. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 827.

" " ! Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 155.

" " Perrier, 1869. l'e.lir.. p. 135, PL IV. f. :h.

" antillarum Phil, 1845. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 355. Cuba.
" antillarum ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. '/... I. p. 19. Florida.

" ! Lutk. 1864. Bid., p. 83.
" tenuispina Phil. 1845. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 354. Sicily.

tenuispina Bolsche, 1865. Wieg. Anh, I. p. 325.

Lamarckii ' ROUSSEAU, 1846. Ao. Des., C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 350. Zanzibar.

Lamarckii B6i s< he, 1865. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 327.
" paucispinum ! A. AGASS. 1863. Bull. M. C. '/.-. I. p 19. Sandwich Islands.
" paucispinum Bolsi re, 1865. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 828.

" globulosum ' A. Ac \~~. 1863. Bull. M. ('. Z., I. p. 20. Cingsmills, Society Islands.
" globulosum Bolsche, 1865. Wieg. Anh., I. p. 328.
" nudum A. A<; ass. 1863. Proc. A. N. S. Phila., p. 858. Hong Kong.
" nudum Boi.sciie, 1865. Wieg. Arch., p. -l's.

Stewart, 1865. Trans. Lin. Soc., XXV. PL XLIII.f. 18a.
" Enc. Mcih.. PL CXXXIH.f. 10.
" pseudosaviguyi Mich. MS. (Ecol. Min.).
Calmarius annellata Gray, MS. (Brit. Mus ).

♦Tortugas (Agassiz, Woodbury); *off Tortugas, 17 fins. (Pourtales) ; *Cape Florida,
(Wurdemann) ; *Cienf'uegos (Aviles); Matanzas (Philippi); *Cuba (Arango) ; *Jeremie, Hayti
(Weinland) ; *Salt Key, Florida (Pourtales) ; 'Bahamas (Dr. Bryant); *off Bahamas, Santa-
rem Chan., 40 fms. (Pourtales); 'Bermudas; Martinique! (J. d. P.); Aspinwall! (Smithson.
Coll.); Surinam! (Mus. Copenh.) ; Madeira! (Stimpson, Smithson. Coll.); *Lanzerote, Canary-
Islands (Haeckel); Cape Verde Islands! (Bouvier, J. d. P.); *Red Sea; *Tor, Red Sea
(Frauenfeld) ; *Arabian Gulf (Millet); *Zanzibar (Cook, Cheney); Seychelles! Bombay!
Madagascar! (J. d. P.); Nikobar! Amboina! (Mus. Copenh.); Simon's Bay, Cape of Good
Hope! (Essex Inst.); Timor, Molucca (Marten-); Reef of Attago ! (Brit. Mus.) ; 'Sandwich
Islands (Garrett); Feejee Islands! (Mus. Godeff.) ; *IIong Koug (Stimpson) ; *Sunda Straits
(Couthouy); Ousima! (Stimpson, Smithson. Coll.); Philippine Islands! (Semper); *Society
Islands, *Kingsmills Islands (Garrett).

SYNONYMY. 105

(CIDARIS.) Dorocidaris.

Echinus Linn. 1758. Syst. Nat. (pars.)

Cidarii Leske, 1778. El. Add. (pars.)

Cidarites Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, (pars.)

Phyllacanthus Brandt, 1835. Prod, (pars.)

Leiocidaris Duj. Hupe", 18C2. Echin. (pars.)

Orthocidaris (A. Agass.) 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 17 (non Cotteau).

Dorocidaris A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I.

Dorocidaris papillata

Gualteri, 1742. Index, PL CVIIl.f. D.

Cidaris papillata Leske, 1778. Kl. Ech , p. 61, PI. XXXIX. f. 8, copied Enc. M., PI.

CXXXV1. f. 6, 7.
" papillata Flem. 1828. Brit. An., p. 477.
" " !? Forbes, 1841. Brit. Starf., p. 146, fig. Scotland

" ! Dub. o. Kor. 1844. Skand. Ech., p. 255, PL IX. f. 25-3$.
" " Phil. 1845. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 353.

" " ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 326.

« " ! Gray, 1848. Brit. Rad., p. 2.

" " ! Sars, 1861. Norges Echin. W. coast Norway.

Cidarites " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 320.
Leiocidaris " ! Duj. Hupe", 1862. Echin.. p. 485.

" ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p. 129.
Orthocidaris papillata \ A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 17.
Dorocidaris " ! A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 253.

Cidarites hystrix! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 55. Mediterranean.

" hystrix Desml. 1837. Syn , p. 320.
Cidaris " ! Blainv. 1834. Actinol., p. 231, PL XX'" S f. 5.
" " Sars, 1835. Beskriv., p. 40

" ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 21.
" " ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 326.

" " Phil. 1845. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 353.

" " Aradas, 1853. Atti. Gioen., VIII p. 162. Sicily.

" " Sars, 1861. Middelh. Litt. Fauna, p. 109. Naples.

Phyllacanthus hystrix Brandt, 1835 Prod., p. 268.
Leiocidaris " ! Dm, Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 484.

" ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p. 1 29, PI. III. f. 11.
Orthocidaris " ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 1 7. Nice.

Dorocidaris " ! A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 253.

Cidaris borealis ! Dub. o. Kor. 1844. Ak. Stork., p. 114. \V. coast Norway.
" affinis Phil. 1845. Wieg. Archiv., I. p. 351. Sicily.
" affinis Sars, 1857. Middelh. Litt. Fauna, p. 109. Naples.
Leiocidaris affinis Duj. Hup^, 1862. Echin., p. 485.
Orthocidaris affinis I A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 17.
Dorocidaris " ! A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 253.
Cidaris Stokesii! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 326. Mediterranean.
Leiocidaris Stokesii I Duj. Hupe" 1862. Echin., p. 485.

" " ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p. 131, PL Ill.f. 6 a, b, c.

Dorocidaris abyssicola ! A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 253. Straits of Florida.

*W. coast Norway (M. Sars) ; *Fishing Bk., Storeggen, 80-100 fms. (G. O. Sars) ; Bergen!
(J. d. P.) ; *North Sea, 200 fms. (Mus. Stockholm) ; *Shetland Islands! (Liverpool Mus.) ; *Cape
Wrath! 280 fms., *Cape Sagras, 165 fms., *So. Ireland, 80-90 fms. (Porcup. Exp.) ; ♦Mediter-
ranean ; *Nice (Verany) ; *W. coast Italy (Rigacci) ; *Naples (Panceri) ; Adriatic (Miiller) ;
Lessina, Lissa (Heller) ; *Carysfbrt Reef, 40 - 60 fms., Conch Reef, 40 fms., *Florida Gulf
Stream, 195 fms., *French Reef, Florida, 45 fms., *Key West, 135 fms., off Tortugas, 60 fms.,
♦Tennessee Reef, 114 fms., *AlIigator Reef, 114 fms., *Sundry Stations, Florida Gulf Stream,
98, 116, 125, 152, 154 fms. (Pourtales) ; Guadeloupe ! (Duchassaing, J. d. P.).

1Q6 SYNONYMY.

ECHINANTHUS.

Echinanthus Bui yn. 1 732. Schcdias. (pars.)
Echinus Lin. 1758. Syst. Nat (pars.)
Echinanthus Leske, 1778. Kx. Add. (pars.)
" GRAY, 1825. Ann. Phil, (pars.)

Clypeaster Lamk. 1 SOI. An. s. Vert, (pars.)
CI;// faster Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VII. p. 129. (pars.)
Echinanthus Gray, 1851. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. (pars.)
Clypeaster Moll. 1854. Ban d. Echin.
Echinanthus Gray, 1855. Cat. R. Echin. (pars.)

Echinanthus rosaceus

Sloane, 1725. Jam., PI. CCXLU.f. 6-11.

Seba, 1 758. Thes., III. PL XI. f. 2, 3, 13, H.

Scutum annulare hwnile\ Klein, 1734. PI. XVII. f. A, PI. XVIII. f. li, copied, E. M., PI.

CXLV.f. 5, 6.

Knorr, 1771. Delic, PL Dl.f. 12.

Enc. Meth., PL CXLIV.f. 7,8.

Echinus reticulatus Linn. 1758. Syst. Nat., p. 666. (pars).
Echinus nticulalus Gmel. 1788. Lin. Syst. Nat, 3191. (pars).

" rosaceus Linn. 1758. Syst. Nat.
Clypeaster rosaa us! Lamk. 1801. An. s. Vert., p. 349.

Clypeaster " I Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, p. 14. Ocean Indian? NT. American.
! Bl.unv. 1834. A.tinul., p. 216, PI. XVII. f.l, 2.
" " ! Ac;ass. 1836. Prod., p. 187.

« " Desml. is;;:. Syn., i>. 212.

" ! Ki.w. in C'uv. Reg. An. Ed. 111., PI. XVI. f. I.

I AGASS. Des. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat.. VII. p. 129. West Indies.
Mill. 1854. Bau d. Ech., PL JV.f. 1, 8-6; PI. V.f. 5-9,
«' " BbohK, 1859. Kl. u. Old. Actin., PI. XXX1X.J. H, 16, 17.

! Mich. 1861. Clyp. Monog., PI. XIII.
» " ! Duj. IIi'i-E, 1862. Echin., p. 571, PL X.f.1-8.

" « I A. AGASS. 1863. Bull M. C. Z., p. 25. Florida,

" " ! Lrrii. 1864. Bid., p. 100.

Echinanthus humile 1 I.i skk, 1 7 78. PI. X VII. f. .1 : PL XVIII. f. B.
" rosaceusl Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 5.

" " Gray, 1855. Cat. llec. Echin., p. 4. West Indies.

Clypeaster incurvatus DE8ML. 1837. Syn., p. 212.

" parvus ! Doca. 1847. Bull. Soc. Geol. fr., IV. 1093. Guadeloupe.
" parvus ! Agass. Des. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 130.
" " Duj. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 572.

Echinanthus parvus ! Gray, 1855. Cat. It. Echin., p. 8.
Clypeaster alboliueatus ! Mica. MS. (Ecol. Min.)

*Charleston, S. C. (Allansen) ; *Tortugas (Holder, Agassiz) ; *Key "West (Pourtales) ; *Jcrcmie,
Hayti (Weinland) ; *Jamaica (Adams); *Nassau (Shaw); *Bahamas (Bryant); Cuba!
(Arango) ; Guadeloupe ! (Ecol. Min.).

Echinanthus testudinarius

Echinanthus testudinarius! Gray, 1851. Prne. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 35.

" testudinarius] Gray, 1855. Cat. Echin., p. 6, PI I.f. 1. Borneo?

Clypeaster " ! Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 170. Timor.

" " ! Verrill, 1871. Notes Had., p. 588, PL X f. 7.

Echinanthus Australasiae 1 Gray, 1851. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 34. Australia.

" Australasiae ! Gray, 1855. Cat. R. Ech., p. 5, PL I. f.

Clypeaster tumidulus ! Mill. 1854. Bau d. Ech.. p. 90.

SYNONYMY. 107

Echinanthus testudinarius (continued).

Clypeaster speciosus ! Verrill, 1870. Sill. Joum., p. 95. La Paz.
" Desorii! Mich. MS. (Ecol. Min.).
" Australiae ! MlCH. MS. (Ecol. Min.).

*Hakodadi (Dall, Smithson. Coll.) ; *New Holland (Ecol. Min.) ; Red Sea ! (J. d. P.) ; Japan !
(Bonn Mus.) ; Australia ! (Brit. Mus.) ; Sandwich Islands ! (Breslau Mus.) ; *La Paz (Pedersen,
Y r ale Coll.).

(SCUTELLA.) Echinarachnius.

Scutella Lamk. 1816. An. s. V. (pars.)

Echinarachnius Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil, (non Leske).

Echinodiscun Blainv. 1834. Actinol. (pars.)

Echinarachnius AgasS. 1841. Mou. Sent.

Dendraster Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VII. p. 315.

Scaphechinus Barn. 18C3. In A. Ag. Proc. A. N. S. Phila.

Chaetodiscus Lutk. 1864. Bid. till Kunds. om Echin.

Echinarachnius excentricus

Scutella excentrica Esch. 1829. Zool. Atl., PL XX. f. 2. Kamtchatka.
Echinarachnius excentricus ! Val. 1846. Voyage Venus, Zooph., PI. X.
Dendraster " 1 Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 135. California.

Dendraster " ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 16.

" " ! Stimps. 1857. Crust. Ech., Pacific Sh., p. 87.

" " ! Du.T. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 564.

Scutella striatula ! Conrad, 1856. Pacif. R. R. Survey, VII. p. 196, PL IX. f. 1 a, b (non

M. de Serres).

*Monterey (Trowbridge) ; *San Francisco (A. Agassiz, Cary) ; *Puget Sound (Kennedy),
Smithson. Coll.) ; Sitka, Unalach, Kamtchatka (Eschscholtz).

Echinarachnius mirabilis

Scaphechinus mirabilis ! Barn. 1863. In A. Ag. Proc. A. N. S. Phila , p. 359. Hakodadi.

Scaphechinus mirabilis ! Verrill, 1869. Proc. Bost. S. N. H., p. 384.

Chaetodiscus scutella ! Lutk. 1864. Bid., p. 104., PL II. f. 11.

Scutella japonica ! Mart. 1865. Monatsb. Berl. Ak., p. 140, March. Yedo.

Scutella japonica'. Mart. 1866. Wieg. Archiv., I. p. 138.

♦Hakodadi (W. Stimpson, Dall, Smithson. Coll.); *Japan (Salrnin) ; Y'okoharaa! (Mus. Berlin,
Smithson. Coll.) ; Yedo, Kanagawa (Martens).

Echinarachnius parma

Scutella parma! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, p. 11.
Scutella parma Blainv. 1827. D. S. N. Scut, p. 226.

" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 230.

Echinodiscus parma Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 218.
Echinarachnius parma ! Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 6.
" " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 188.

" " ! Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut, p. 89, PL XX. f. 9-18. Canada.

" " ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VJI. p. 133.

« " ! Gray, 1855. Cat Rec. Ech., p. 15. Atlantic Ocean.

" " ! Mich. 1859. Rev. Mag. Zool., No. 9.

" ! Dim. Hupe\ 1862. Echin., p. 562, PI. X.f. 13- 17.
" " ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 26. New England.

" " ! A. Agass. 1865. Seaside Stud., figs. 130 - 140. Mass. Bay.

" ! Verrill, 1866. Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., p. 340, 351.

108 SYNONYMY.

Echinarachnius parma (continued).

Scutella trifaria Say, 1826. Jour. Ac. N. S. Phila., p. 227.

" Rumphii! Blainv. 1827. Diet. Sc. Nat. Scut, p. 226.
Echinodiscus Rumphii] Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 218.
Er/iinarachnius " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 188.

" " ! Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut, p. 91, PL XXI.f. 1-6. Amboina?

" " ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 135.

" ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Bee. Ech, p. 15. Indian Ocean.
" " ! Mich. 1859. Rev. Mag. Zool., No. 9.

" ! Du.i. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 562.
" Atlanticus ! Gray, 1841. In Agass. Mon. Scut., p. 92, PI. XXI.f. .;2 -3$. New-

foundland.
" Atlanticus ! Stimps. 1853. Invert. Grand Menan, p. 16.

" I Mich. 1859. Rev. Mag. Zool., No. 9.
" " ! Dim. Hops', 1862. Echin., p. 562.

" Asiaticus! Mien. 1859. Rev. Mag. Zool., No. 9, PI. XIII. f. S. Kamtehatka.

" Asiaticusl A. Agass. 1863. Prod. A. N. S., Phila., p. 359. Avatscha Bay.

" " ! Dim. IIite, 1862. Echin., p. 563.

" I Veebill, 1869. Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., p. 884. Aleutian Islands.
Australiae I Mkii. 1859. Rev. Mag. Zool., No. 9, PL XIII. f. S. Australia.
Australiae 1 Duj. IIope\ 1862 Echin., p. 568.
« undulatus! MlCH. 1859. Rev. Mag. Zool., No. 9, PI. XIII. f 1.

" undulatus I Duj. HUMS, 1862. Echin., p. 563.

Long Island Sound! (Verrill) ; *Ne\v Jersey (Gedney, Smithson. Coll.); *Gny Head, •Nan-
tucket, *South Shoals, Mass. (Agassiz) ; *Cape Cod (Atwood) ; *Mass. Bay (Agassi z) ; *St.
George's Bank (Atwood); *Trenton Pt., Me. (Verrill, Shaler, Hyatt); *Eastport (Verrill);
•Grand Menan (Mills); Gasp/' (Dawson) ; Long Island (Say); Labrador! (Brit. Mus.) ; Mingan
Islands! 2-15 fins., Straits Belle Isle! (Packard); *Avatscha Bay, *Kamtchatka, 80 - 70 fins.
(W. Stimpson) ; *E. Vancouver Island; Aleutian Islands! (Smithson. Coll.); New Holland!
(J. d. P., Ecol. Min.); Iudian Ocean! (Bonn Coll.); Red Sea! (Ecoh Min.) ; India! (Brit,
Mus.).

ECHINOBRISSUS.

Echinobrissus Rrfyx. 17::-.'. Schedias. (pars.)
Echinobrissus Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil.

D'Orbig. 1854. Rev. Mag. Zool. (pars.)

Nucleolites Lam. 1801. Syst. a. B. V. (pars.)

Echinobrissus recens

Nucleolites recens ! Edw. 1836, in Ccv. Reg. An. Ed. Ill . PI XIV. f. S.

" " Agass. 1849. C. R. Ann. 8c. Nat., VII. p. 153. New Holland.

Echinobrissus recens D'Orbig. 1854. Rev. Mag. Zool.. p. 24.
" " Desor, 1857. Echin. foss., p. 257.

" ! Duj. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 578, PL X.f !>, 10.

Madagascar! New Zealand! (Brit. Mus.) ; Mere Australes ! (J. d. P.) ; *M. C. Z.

SYNONYMY. jfjg

ECHINOCARDIUM.

Echinospatagus Bhetn. 1732. Sched. (pars.)
Spatagus Mill. 177(5. Zool. Dan. Prod, (pars.)
Echiiiocardium Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil, (pars.)
Amphidetus Agass. 1836. Prodromus.
Amphidetus Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VIII.
Amphidotus Forbes, 1841. Brit Starf.
Echiiiocardium Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Eoh.

Echiiiocardium australe

Echiiiocardium australe ! Gray, 1851. Ann. Mag. N. H., p. 131. Australia.

" australe ! Gray, 1855. Cat. R. Ech., p. 44, PL IV. f. 1. Van Diemen.

! Du.J. Hup£, 18G2. Echin., p. 602.
" Zealandicum! Gray, 1851. Ann. Mag. N. H, p. 131. New Zealand.

" Zelandicum ! Gray, 1855. Cat. R. Ech., p. 44.

" " ! Duj. Hupe\ 1862. Echin., p. 602.

" Stimpsoni ! A. Agass. 1863. Proc. A. N. S. Phila., p. 360. Cape Good Hope.

Amphidetus Novae Zelandiae ! Val. 1869. Perrier, Ped., p. 176.

♦New Zealand (J. d. P.) ; *Tshifu, China (Novarra Exp.) ; *Kagosima, Simon's Bay ! 12 fms.
(W. Stinipson, Smithson. Coll.) ; *Mussell Bay (Mus. Godeff.) ; Van Diemen ! Port Jackson !
W. Australia? (Brit. Mus.); So. Africa! (Mus. Stutt.) ; Mozambique (Bianconi) ; China Seas!
East India! (Mus. Copenh.).

Echinocardium cordatum

Echinus guineensis cordiformis Seba, 1758. Thes., III., PL X.f. 21.

Knorr, 1771. Delic, PL Dl.f. 14.

Echinospatagus cordiformis Breyn. 1732. p. 61, PL V.f. 5.

Spatangus sp. 2, § 99, Klein, 1732. PL XXIV. f. c, d, e.

Echinus cordatus Penn. 1777. Brit. Zool, IV. p. 58, PL XXXIV. f. 2; PL XXXVI. f. 2,

2d ed. 1812.
Spatangus cordatus Flem. 1828. Brit. An., p. 480 (non Blainv.).
Amphidotus cordatus Forbes, 1841. Brit. Starf, p. 190,/. Scotland.
Amphidetus " ! Dub. o. Koren, 1844. Zool. Bid., p. 285. W. coast Norway.

" ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VIII. p. 11, PL XVI. f. S.
" Mull. 1848. Achaeol., I. PL III. PI. IV. f. 6-S. Pluteus.
Mull. 1854. Bau d. Ech., PL III./. 3-5.
Bronn, 1859. Kl. u. Ord. Actin., PL XXXIX. f. 22.
Echinocardium " ! Gray, 1848. Brit. Rad., p. 6.

" cordatum ! Gray, 1855. Cat. R. Ech., p. 43. North Sea.

!Des. 1858. Syn. Ech. foss., PL XLIII.f.4, 5.
" I Duj. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 602.
! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I.
Spatangus pusillus Leske, 1778. Kl. Add., p. 166, PL XXIV. f. c, d, e (non Mull.).

" " Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 201.

Echinocardium pusillus Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 8.
Amphidetus pusillus Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 184.
Spatangus flavescens Abild. 1789. Zool. Dan., PL XCI.f. 1-4 (non Mull. Prod.).

" lacunosus Mull. Zool. Dan. Text, (non Linn.).

Spatangus arcuarius ! Lamk. 1816. A. s. V, p. 32. Brit. Channel.
" arcuarius Desl. 1824. Enc. Meth., PI. CLVI.f. 7, S.
" " Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 201.

" Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 378.

HO SYNONYMY.

Echinocardium cordatum (continued).

Echinocardium Seba Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil, p. 8.

Amphidetus Sebae Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 184.

Amphidetus Kurtzii ! Gut. 1852. Proc. Huston Soc X. II.. p. 213. So. Carolina.

Echinocardium Kurtsdi\ A. AGASS. 1869. Bull. M. G. Z., I. No. Carolina.

? Amphidetus ampliforus M'Crady, 1857. Plioc. foss. So. Ca., p. 6, PL ll.f.S.

? " gothicus Raven, is is. Echin. So. Ca.

? " gothicus M'Crady, 1857. Plioc. foss. So. Ca., p. C, PI. 11. f. S.

*Christianiafjord (G. O. Sars) ; *Kattegatt (Mus. Copenh.) ; *h\A\ Sea (Thos J. Moore);
*Oban (W. Stimpson) ; *English Channel; *W. coast Italy (Rigacei) ; Fininark, Oresund (Sars) ;
Drontheim — N. Cape, 15 this. (McAndrew & Barrett); Shetland (Norman); Great Britain
(Forbes); Scheveningen (Maitland) ; Bahia! (Mus. Godeff.) ; Charleston, S. Ca. (Agassiz) ; *off
Tennessee Reef, Florida, 79 fms. (Pourtales) ; * Beaufort, N. C. (Biekmore).

Echinocardium flavescens

Spatagus flavescens Mi i i 1776. Prod., p. 235 (non AlilLD.).
Spatangus ovatus Fi.k.m. 1824. Wern, Mem., 1S4 (non Leske nee Lam).
" " Flem. 1828. Brit. An , p. 40.

'• ! Bi.ainv. 1884. Actin., p. 202.
" •• Desml. 1S37. Syn., p. 388.

Amphidetus ovatus'. Dub. o. KOR. 1844. Skand. Ech., p. 2S3, PI. X. f. 60. Norway.
" " I AGASS. 1847. ('. U. Ann. Sc. Nat., VIII. p. 12.

•• ! Sars, 1861. Norges Ech., p. 98.
I A. Agass. 1868. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 27.

•• ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p. 175, PL FI/./ #, et No- 198, p. 176.
Echinocardium ouatuml Gray, 1848. Brit Rad., p. 6.

" " ! Gray, 1855. Cat. R. Ech., p. 43. North Sea.

! Dim. Hite", 1862. Echin., p. 602.
» ! A. AgABS. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 276. Straits Florida.
Amphidotus roseus ! ? FoitiiES, 1841. Brit. Starf. p. 194.

•Oresund (Eschricht) ; W. roast Norway (Sars); Lofoten Islands, 20, 30 fins. (G. O. Sars);
•So. Ireland, *Cape Wrath, 100 fms. (Porcupine Exped.) ; Bergen, Finmark, Kattegatt (Sars) ;
Drontheim — Cape North. 20-40 tins. (McAndrew i^ Barrett) ; Shetland Islands, Dublin, Belfast,
Cornwall (Forbes); Shetland Islands (Norman); 'Charleston, S. C. (Kurtz); *Florida Gulf
Stream, 138 fms., •oft* Tennessee Reef, 85-115 fms. (Pourtales).

Echinocardium mediterraneum

Amphidetus mediterraneus ! ? FORBES, 1844. .Tourn. Lin. Soc. Lond. -Egean Sea.
" mediterranm us ! ? Forbes, isi4. Ann. Mag. X. H., XIV. p. 413.

AGASS. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VIII. p. 12.

" mediterranus Sars, 1857. Middelh. Litt. Faun., p 117. Naples.
Echinocardium mediteraneuml Gray, 1855. Cat. R. Ech., ]>. 44.

" " DUJ. Ill if:, 1862. Ech., p. 602.

Amphidetus gibbosus ! AGASS. 1847. Ann Sc. Xat., VIII. p. 11. Algeria, Sicily.
Echinocardium gibbosum\ Gray, 1S55. Cat. R. Ech., p. 44.
" ! DOJ. IIupE\ 1862. Echin., p. 602.

Amphidetus sp. Aradas, 1850. Atti. (iioen., VI. p. 80. Catania.

•Naples (Panceri) ; 'Mediterranean ; *Cette ; *Bone, Algeria ; Triest, Naples (Sars) ; Sicily
(Gray) ; Genoa, Nice (Verany) ; Zara, Lessina, 2-20 fms. (Heller) ; iEgean Sea (Forbes).

SYNONYMY. HI

Echinocardium pennatifidum

'I EcAinocardium pennatifidum Norm. 1868. 4th Rept. Dredging Shetland Islands, p. 440.

" pennatifidum Hodge, 1871. Trans. North. Durh., IV. PL V.

" laevigaster ! A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 277. Straits Florida.

V Amphidotus gibbosus (Barrett,) 1857. Ann. Mag. N. H , XIX. p. 32, PL VII. f. 2 (non Agass.).
? Spatangus orthonotus Conrad, 1843. Proc. Phila. Ac. N. S., p. 327.
? Amphidelus orlhonolus M'Crady, 1857. Plioc. Foss. So. Ca., PL II. f. 1.
? Echinocardium orlhonolus ! Conrad, 1865. Proc. Ac. N. S. Phila.
? Amphidelus virginianus Forbes, 1849. Q. J. Geol. Soc. Lond., I. p. 425.

Northumberland (Hodge); *off Alligator Reef, 79 fras., *off Sombrero, 121 fms., *off Tennessee
Reef, 114 fms. (Pourtales) ; Shetland (Norman) ; Clyde District (Robertson).

ECHINOCYAMUS

Echinocyamus Van Phel. 1774. Brief.
Spatagus Mull. 1776. Prod. Zool. Dan. (pars.).
Echinus Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst. Nat. (pars.).
Fibularia Lamk. 1816. A. s. Vert, (pars.)
Echinocyamus Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut.
Scutellina Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut.

Echinocyamus pusillus

Echinus perexiguus Pf.tiv. 1764. Gaz., PL XXXI. f. 10.

Knorr, 1771. Delic, PL Dl.f. 10.

Spatagus pusillus Mull. 1776. Prod., 2851. Zool. Dan., PL XCI.f. 5, G.
Echinocyamus pusillus \ Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 6.
" " Flem. 1828. Brit. An., p. 481.

! Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut., p. 128, PL X XVII. f. 1 -S. German Ocean.
! ? Forbes, 1841. Brit. Starf., p. 175, fig.
" " Phil. 1845. Wieg. Archiv, I. p. 356.

Gray, 1848. Brit. Rad., p. 5.

Mull. 1853. Abhdl , I. PL VII. f. 4; Abhanl., VII. PL VIII. Pluteus.
" " ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 28. Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean.

" " Sars, 1857. Middelh. Lit. Faun., p. 116.

" " Duj. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 556.

" Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p. 167.

" angulosus Leske, 1778. Kl. Add., p. 215.

" angulosus ! Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut., p. 130, PL XXVII. f. H - IS.

! Dub. o. Koren, 1844. Skand. Ech., p. 279.
! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 140.
Sars, 1861. Norges Ech., p. 95.
1 Duj. Hupe\ 1862. Echin., p. 556.
" " ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p. 16 7.

Fibularia angulosa De France, 1820. D. S. N., XVI. p. 515.

" " Desml. 1837. Syn ., p. 236.

Echinocyamus vicia Leske, 1778. Kl. Add.

ovalis Leske, 1778. Kl. Add., p. 152, PL XXXVII. f. 6.
Echinus pulvinulus Penn. 1812. Brit. Zool., 2d ed., p. 140, PL XXXVIII. f. 1-4.
Echinocyamus minutusl BLAiNV.f 1834. Aetin., p. 214.
Fibularia equina Aradas, 1850. Monog. Ech., p. 203. Sicily.

t There is considerable doubt as to the authenticity of the specimens ascribed to Lamarck and
Blainville in the Jardin des Plantes.

112 SYNONYMY.

Echinocyamus pusillus (continued).

Fibularia tarentiua ! Lamk. 1816. A. s. Vert, p. 17. Mediterranean.
Fihularia " Deslong. 1824. Enc. Meth., II. p. 389.

RlSSO, 182G. Europ. Mend., V. p. 283.
DeSML. 1887. Syn., p. 236.
Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 211, PL XVI. f. 0.
Duj. Hupe", 1862 Eel. in., p. 557.
Echinocyamus tarentinus Gray, 1825. Ann Phil., p. 6.

" « ! AGASS. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 140.

« Bronx, 1859. Kl. u. Ord. Actin., p. 339, PL XXXIX. f. 24 : PL

XI. I.l. IS.
" " Perkier, 1869. Pe"dic, i>. 167.

" minimus ! Cm. 1S50. Proc. Boston S. N. II.

" partheuopaeus Cosia, 1S71. Echinoc. viv. e. ibss.

" speciosus CoSTA, 1*71. Echinoc. viv. e. foss,

*W. coast Norway (Sars) ; *\V. seas of Europe; Oban (\V. Stimpson) ; *Lofoten Islands.

300 fms. (G. O. Sara); *W. coast Sweden (Mus. Stockli.) ; Oresund (Mus. Copenh.) ; Dev

Scotland, E. & W. coast Britain (Forbes); Drontheira — Cape North, 15— 25 fms. (McAndrew
& Barrett); Arran Berwick (Gray); Nord See (Maitland) ; N., E., S. Inland (Thomson);
Iceland (Steenstrtip) ; Shetland (Norman); *Carysfort Reef, 117, 138 fms., *Bocea grande,
125 fms., *Sand Key, 100, L20, 825 fms., *off Alligator Reef. 117, 138, 110, 79 fms., *Conch
Reef, 169, 139, 117 fms., *Key West, 138, 130, 125 fms., ^Tennessee Reef, 183, 115, 114,75
fms., *Salt Key, 5 fms. (Pourtales) ; *Naples (Panceri) ; *Corsica (Cotteau) ; *Civita Vecchia
(Bigacci) ; ^Mediterranean ; Adriatic (Mttller) ; Nice (Risso) ; Genoa! (Verany) ; Palermo!
Egypt! (J. d. P.) ; Lissa, Lessina, Ragusa, Adriatic (Heller); Lussin (Grube) ; *Fayal! (Hig-
ginson) ; Josephine Bk. ! (Mus. Stockh.).

ECHINODISCUS.

Echinus RuMPH. 1705. Amb. Rar. Kam. (pars.)

Mellita KLEIN, 171)4. Nat Disp. Ech. (pars.)

Echinodiscus Leske, 177k. Kl. Add. (pars.)

Scutella Lamk. 1816. A. s. Vert, (pars.)

Echinodiscus Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil, (pars.)

Lobophora (Agass.) 1841. Monog. Sent, (nun CURT. 1825, nee Serville, 1839).

Amphiope AGASS. 1*1". Cat. Syst. Ectyp.

Amphiope Agass. 1841. Monog. Scut

Echinodiscus auritus

Echinus planus Rumph. 1705. PL XIV. f. F; copied Exc. Me™., PI. CLII. Am-

boina. (par-.)

Echionanthus maximus Seba, 1758. Thes., III. PI. XV. f. 1-4: copied Enc. Meth., /'/.

CLI.f.5,6.
Echinodiscus auritus Leske, 1778. Kl.. Add., p. 136.

" auritus ! Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 6.

Echinus auritus Gmel. 1788. Lixx. Syst. Nat., :>189.
Scutella aurita\ Blainv. 18S4. Actin., p. 220.

" " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 188.

Lobophora aunt,, I Agass. 1841. Mon. Sent., p. 70, PL XIII. f. I ; PL XIV. f. 3-7.
" ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VII. p. 186.
" " ! Dim. Huts', 1862. Echin.. p. 565.

Echinodiscus inauritus Leske, 1 7 78. Kl. Add., p. 38.
" inauritus'. Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 6.

" inauriia ' Gray, 1855. Cat Rec. Ech., p. 21.

Echinus inauritus Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst Nat, .'J190.

SYNONYMY. 113

Echinodiscus auritus (continued).

Scutella inaurital Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 220.
I Agass. 1836. Prod, p. 188.

Andouin in Savigny, Egypte Zooph. Eeh., PL VII. f. 3. Red Sea.

Scutella bifissa ! Lamk. 1816. A. s. Vert., p. 10.
Scutella bifissa ! Blainv. 1827. Scut. D. S. N., p. 224.

" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 226.

Loboplwra bifissa ! Agass. 1 84 1 . Mon. Scut., p. 6 7, PL XIII. f.S-6 ; PI. XI V.f.1,3. Zanzibar.
" " ! Mich. 1845. Rev. Mag. Zool., p. 8. Isle de France.

" ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VII. p. 136.
" ! Duj. HupE", 1862. Echin., p. 565.
" " ! Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch., p. 177.

" Dubusii Belval, 1863. Bull. Ac. Brux., XVI. p. 198.
Agassizii Belval, 1863. Bull. Ac. Brux., XVI. p. 198.

♦Zanzibar (Asliby, Ropes, Cook) ; *Red Sea ! (J. d. P.) ; Mozambique (Peters) ; Suez ! Mau-
ritius! India! (Brit. Mus.) ; Bourbon! (Ecol. Mid.); Amboina (Martens); Philippine Islands!
(Semper).

Echinodiscus biforis

Mellita laevis Klein, 1734. Nat. Disp. Eeh., PI. XXI. f. A, B. (pars.)

Knorr, 1771. De'lic, PL DI. f. 15.

Echinodiscus bisperforatus Leske, 1778. Kl. Add., p. 132, PI. XXI. f. A, B.

Echinus biforis Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst. Nat., 3188.

Lobophora biforis Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch., p. 177. Java.

Scutella bifora ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 10 (non Blainv. nee Desml.).

Scutella " Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 188.

Echinodiscus bi/oral Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 6.

" ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Eeh., p. 20.
Lobophora " ! Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut., p. 64, PL XII. Madagascar.
" I Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 136.

Bronn, 1859. Kl. u. Ord. Actin., PL XXXIX. f. 3'.
" " ! Duj. HupiS, 1862. Echin., p. 565.

Scutella bilinearifora Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 226.
Lobophora Desmoulinsii Mich. MS. (Ecol. Min.)

♦Madagascar, *Mussell Bay, Cape Good Hope (Mus. Godeff.) ; Red Sea ! (J. d. P.) ; Mozam-
bique (Peters) ; Java (Martens).

Echinodiscus laevis

Mellita laevis ! Klein, 1 734. Nat. Disp. Eeh. (pars.)
Echinodiscus bisperforatus Leske, 1778. Kl. Add. (pars.)
Scutella bifora ! Blainv. 1827. D. S. N. Scut., p. 223 (non Lamk.).
" bifora Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 226.
" biforis ! Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 219.
Lobophora truncata ! Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut., p. 66, PI. XI. f 11-16.
truncota ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 136.
" " ! Duj. HupE", 1862. Echin , p. 565.

Echinodiscus " ! Gray, ] 855. Cat. Rec. Eeh., p. 20.
Lobophora teiiuissima ! Val. 1847. Agass. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 136. Waigiou.

" tenuissima Belval, 1863. Bull. Ac. Brux., XVI. p. 198.

Echinodiscus tenuissima ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Eeh., p. 20.

Lobophora Deplanchei ! Mich. 1861. Rev. Mag. Zool., p. 327, PI. IX. f 1. New Caledonia.
" texta! A. Agass. 1863. Proc. A. N. S. Phila., p. 359. Japan.

*Ousima (W. Stimpson, Smithson. Coll.) ; *New Caledonia (Crosse) ; Tanegasima ! China Seas,
Lat. 23° N., 20 fms. ! (W. Stimpson, Smithson. Coll.) ; Linguin, China Seas (Liverpool. Mus.) ;
So. Africa! (Mus. Godeff.) ; Penang ! (Mus. Copenh.) ; Waigiou ! (J. d. P.); Burmah ! (Nat.
Hist. Soc. Bo^t.).

114 SYNONYMY.

ECHINOLAMPAS.

Echinanthus Bkbyx. 1732. Schedias. (pars.)
Scutum Klein, 1 734. Nat Disp. Ech. (pars.)
Echinanthus Leske, 1778. Kx. Addit. (pars.)
Echinus Gmel. 1788. Lixx. Syst. Nat., 3187. (pars.)
Nucleolites Lamk. 1801. An. s. Vert, (pars.)
Cli/peaster Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, (pars.)
Echinolampas GRAY, 1825. Ann Phil.
Echinolampas Agass. 1817. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VJJ.
Echinanthus D'Orbigny, is.~,4. Rev. Mag. Zool.

Echinolampas depressa

Echinolampas depressus ! Grat, 1861. Ann. Mag. N. II., p. 38.

" depressus I Grat, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 36, PL II f 4.

" caratonioides! A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 269. Straits of Florida.

*Off Tortugas, 35, 68 fms., *off Carysfort Reef, 40, GO, 98, 320 fms., *off Conch Reef, 77 fms.
(Pourtali -).

Echinolampas Hellei

Echinolampas Richardi (Desml.) 1837. Tab. Syn., p. 340 (non Desmt.). Senegal.
! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VIL p. 1 63.
" " ! Gray, 1855. Cat Rec. Ech., p. 36.

Echinanthus Richardi \ D'Orb. 1854. Rev. Mag. Zobl., p. 21.

Echinolampas LaurUlardi I Debml. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VIII. (non Agass.). Note of

Julee Marcou.
" Hellei! Val. 1869. Perribr, Pedic., p. 170.

" Rangii DESML. 1870. Act. Soc. Lin. Bordeaux, XXVII. /'/. XX.

*Cape Palrnas (Dr. Perkins, Essex Inst.) ; Senegal! mouth of Rio Grande (J. d. P.).

Echinolampas oviformis

Echinus sulcatus Romph. 1705. Amb. Rar. Kara., PI. XIV. f. 3.

Scutum ovatum Kleix, 1734. Nat. Dis]). Ech, § 78, PL XX. f. C, d.
Echinanthus ovalus Leske, 1778. Kx. Add., p. 127, PL XX. f. c, d.
Echinus oviformis Gmel. 1788. Lixx. Syst Nat, 3187.
Nucleolites oviformis \ Lamk. 1801. An. s. Vert., p. 347.
( 'lypeasler " ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 15.

" " ! Blaixv. 1825. D. S. N, p. 190.

Echinolampas oviformis \ Okay, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 7.
Echinolampas " ! Blaixv. 1834. Actin., p. 209.

" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 340.

" ! Agass. 1S4 7. C. K. Ann. Se. Nat., VII. p. 163.
" ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 35. Red Sea.
" " ! Mart. 1866. Wieg. Archiv, I. p. 1 78. Molucca.

" ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic., p. 1 70.
Echinanthus oviformis D'Orb. 1854. Rev. Mag. Zool.

Echinus orientalis Seba, 1758. Thcs., III. PL X. f. 23 a, b, copied in Ene. Meth., PL

CXLI V. f 1, 2.
Echinolampas orientalis ! Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil.
Echinolampas orientalis Blaixv. 1834. Actin., p. 209, PL XVI. f. 2.
" ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 20.
" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 340.

" " ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 163.

SYNONYMY. 115

Echinolampas oviformis (com hived).

Echinolampas orientalis Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 3G.
Eckinanthus " D'Orb. 1854. Rev. Mag. Zool.

Echinolampas cyclostomus ! Perkier, 1869. Pedic, p 170.
" Bottae. MS. (J. d. P.).

♦Mauritius (Pike); Red Sea (J. d. P.); Tranquebar! Cape Good Hope! (Mus. Copenh.) ;
Molucca (Martens); Ceylon! (Brit. Mus.).

ECHINOMETRA.

Echinometra Rondel. 1554. De Piscib. Mar. (Brkvn.)

Cidaris Klein, 1734. Nat. Disp. Ech. (pars.)

Echinus Linn. 1758. (pars.)

Echinometra Gray, 1825.- Ann. Phil.

Echinometra Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI.

Heliocidaris Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. (pars )

Ellipsechiuus Lutk. 1864. Bid. til Echin.

Echinometra lucunter

GUALTERI, 1 742. PL CVII. f. C

Cidaris variolala elhjptico, 1, variol. freq. ! Klein, 1734. Nat. D. Ech., PL IV. f. C, D.

" " " /3. 2, variol. rarior. ! Kleln, 1734. Nat. Disp. Eel)., PL V.f. b, c.

Cidaris lucunter Leske, 1778. Kl. Add., PL IV. f. C, D.
Echinus " ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 50 (non Linn, nee Lutk.). Inde. Isle de France.

" " ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. Nat. O., p. 93.

Echinometra lucunter\ Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 225.
" " 1 Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 22.

Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 260.
" " ! Mich. 1845. Rev. Mag. Zobl., p. 10. Isle de France.

" " ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 372. Timor Straits. Philip-

pine Islands. Cochin China.
» " ! Du.l. Hupe", 1862. Echin , p. 538.

" " ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z, I. p. 21. Sandwich Islands. Society Islands.

'• " ! A. Agass. 1863. Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., p. 355. Ousiina.

! Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 164. Sumatra. Molucca. Amboina. Flores.
Echinus Mathaei! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. Nat. O., p. 93.
Echinometra Mathaei\ Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 225 (non Agass).
" " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 22.

Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 260.
! Grube, 1857. Nov. Act., XXVII. p. 44.
" " ! Duj. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 538.

heteropora! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 372. Zanzibar.
heteropora ! Duj. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 538.

" ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic., p. 161., PL XVI. f. a, b.
brunea! A. Agass. 1863. P. A. N. S. Phila., p. 355. Bonin.
acufera\ A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. (non Blainv.). Zanzibar.
" microtuberculata! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 22. Kingsmills Islands.

Sandwich Islands

♦Zanzibar (Ropes, Cheney, Cook) ; *Mozambique (Cook) ; *Tor, Red Sea (Mus. Vienna) ;
Madagascar (Liverpool Mus.); *Mauritius (Pike); Natal! (Mus. Stutt.) ; Philippine Islands!
(Semper) ; Feejee Islands ! Upolu ! (Mus. Godeff.) ; Bourbon ! (Ecol. Min.) ; Cape Good Hope !
(Smithson. Coll., Stimpson); *Society Islands, *Sandwich Islands, *Kingsmills Islands (Garrett);
*Bonin, *Loo Choo Islands (Stimpson, Smithson. Coll.) ; New Caledonia ! (Crosse) ; Samoa ! Java !
(Aoad. N. S. Phila.); *Calcutta (Theobald); Seychelles! Cochin China! Samar! Straits Torres,
Solomon Islands (J. d. P.) ; Arabian Gulf! Japan, Sumatra, Timor, Molucca, Flores, Adenare,
Buru (Martens).

116 SYNONYMY.

Echinometra macrostoma

Ellipsechinus macrostomus Lutk. 1864. Bid., p. 165, PL I.f. 10.

Echinometra oblonga

Echinus oblougus ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. So. N. O., p. 95.
Echinometra oblonga \ Bi.ai.vv. 1834. Actin., p. 225. Seychelles.

" " ! AGASS. 1836. Prod., p. 23.

" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 260. (pars.)

" " ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 21. Sandwich Islands.

" Mathaeil Agass. 1846. C. R. Aim. 8c. Nat, VI. p. 373 (nun Bi.aixv.).

*Sandwich Islands, *Kingsmills Islands (Garrett); Zanzibar! Solomon Islands! Wai»iou ! Sey-
chelles! (.1. d. P.); Philippine Islands! (Semper); Nikobar! (Mus. Vienna); Mitchell's Islands!
(Mus. Godefl".).

Echinometra subangularis

SLOANE, 1725. Jam., /'/. CCXLIV.f. t, S, S.

SEBA, 1758. Thcs., III. PL X.J. 11,16, IS; PL A'/./. //.

Knokh, 1771. Deli,-.. /'/. DI.f.8; PI. DIH.f.6.

Cidaris variolata ! Klein. [734. Nat D. Ech., PI. III. j. C. J >.

" ! Klein, 1734. NatD. Ech., PLIV.f. E, F.; PL XXX. A, B.

? Echinus lucuuter Linn. 17.">s. Syst. Nat, ed. X. p. 665 (non Lam.).

V " '• Gmel. 1788. Linn. S.N., 8176.

Cida I Leske, 177*. Ki.. Arid., p. 109, PL IV. f. E, /■', copied in Enc Metii., /'/.

(XXX IV.
Echinometra lucunter) Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 4.

" " ! Li in. 1864. Bid., p. 87. \V. Indies.

i Maris subangularis ! Leske, 1778. Ki.. Add.

" fenestrata Leske, 1778. Ex. Add. (pars.)

Echinometra subangularis Desml. 1837. Syn, p. 266.

Echinus Maugei ! Blainv. 1825. D. S. Nat <>., p. 93.

Echinometra Mnui/.i ! Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 225.

" " ! Ac ass. 1836. Prod., p. 22.

" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 260.

! Agass. 1846. C. It. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 373. (pars)
I Duj. IIi-i-k, 1862. Echin., p. 528.
Echinus acufer! Blainv. 1*25. Diet. Sc. Nat O., p. 94.
Echinometra acufera\ Blainv. 1884. Actin.. p. 225 (non A. Agass.).
" " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 22.

" Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 260.

!Aga8S. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 878. (pars)
- ! Dim. Ilt'i-l';, 1862. Ech, p. 538.
IMart. 1866. Wieg. Arch., I p. 166.
Echinus lobatus ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. N. O, p. 95.
Echinometra lobatal Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 225.
" " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 22.

" " Desml. 1837. Syn.. p. 262.

" " I Agass. 1846. C. B. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 373.

" " ! Duj. Hurt, 1862. Echin., p. 539.

" Michelini ! Des. 1846. Agass. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 373 (non LuTK.).

Yucatan.
» Michelini ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. Florida. W. Indies.

" " ! Yerrill, 1867. Notes Radiata, p. 369.

" nigrina! Gir. 1850. Proc. Boston Sc. X. II., p. 367. Cape Palmas.

Heliocidaris mexicana ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 372 (non T. mex. A. Ac).
" mexicana ! Ddj. Hup£, 1862. Echin., p. 537.

SYNONYMY. 117

Echinometra subangularis (continued).

Heliocidaris Casteluaudi ! Hup£, 1858. Casteln. Voyage Am. Slid., p. 97, Zooph., PL

I.f. 1. Brazil.
" CastelnaudV. Duj. Hup£, 1862. fichin., p. 537.

Echinometra complanata Mich. MS. (Ecol. Win.).

*Cape Palmas (Dr. Perkins, Essex Inst.) ; *Cape Verde Islands (Bouvier) ; *Florida (Agassiz) ;
Ascension ! (J. d. P.) ; *Rio Janeiro (Agassiz, Thayer Exp.) ; *Desterro (F. Miiller) ; *Guara-
pary, *Porto Seguro, *Victoria, *Campos, *Isla de Mazecas (Hartt & Copeland, Thayer Exp.) ;
*Cuha (Arango) ; *Tortugas (Pourtales, Agassiz); Abrolhos ! (Hartt); *St. Thomas (Agassiz,
Tliayer Exp.) ; *Hayti (Weinland) ; *CharIeston, S. C. (Agassiz) ; *Sombrero Island (Knox) ;
*Jamaiea (Adams) ; Bermudas (Hammond) ; *Aspinwall ; *Nassau (Shaw) ; *Cumana (An-
thony) ; *Bahamas (Bryant).

Echinometra Van Brunti

Echinometra Van. Brunti ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 21. Aeapulco.

" Van Brunti\ Verrill, 1867. Notes Radiata, p. 309. San Salvador. Peru.

" " ! Verrill, 1871. Notes Radiata, p. 585.

" rupicola! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z , I. p. 21. Panama.

" rupicola I Verrill, 1867. Notes Radiata, p. 308.

♦Aeapulco (A. Agassiz) ; *Cape St. Lucas, *Manzanillo (Xanthus, Smithson. Coll.) ; *La Paz
(Pedersen, Yale Coll.) ; *Panama (A. Agassiz) ; *San Juan del Sur (Silliman, Yale Coll.) ;
*Pearl Islands (Bradley, Yale Coll.); *La Union (Yale Coll.); Zorritos! Nicaragua! (Yale
Coll.).

Echinometra viridis

Echinometra viridis ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 22. Florida.
viridis\ A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z , I. p. 261.
" plana! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 22. Hayti.

" Michelini ! Lt/TK. 1864. Bid., p. 91, PL I.f. 1 (non Des. nee A. Ag.). W.Indies.

♦Tortugas, Fla. (Agassiz, Pourtales); *Key Biscayue (Lyman); Cuba! (Arango); *West
Indies, *Jeremie, Hayti (Weinland).

ECHINONEUS.

Echinoneus Van Phels. 1774. Brief.
Echin us Gm el. 1788. Syst. Nat. (pars.)
Eckinanaus Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil.
Galerites Desml. 1837. Syn. (non Auct.).

Echinoneus cyclostomus

Seba, 1 758. Thes., III. PL X V. f. SO, 33, 34.

Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske, 1778. Kl. Add., p. 173, PL XXXVII. f. 4, 5, copied EnC

Me"th., PL CLIII.f. 19, l'O.
" cyclostomus I Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, p. 18. Asiatic Seas.
" ! Blaixv. 1825. Diet. Sc. Nat., p. 196.

1 Blalnv. 1834. Aetin., p. 212, PL XVI. f. 5.
! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 187. Philippine Islands.
! Desor, 1842. Agass. Mon. Ech. Gale'rites, p 43, PL VI. f. 13-15.
! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VII. p. 143.
" " ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Echin., p. 32. Australia.

Desor, 1857. Syn. Echin. foss., PL XX VII. f. 1-3.

118 SYNONYMY.

Echinoneus cyclostomus (continued).

Echinoneus cyclostomus \ Duj. Hupe", 1862. Echin. p. 5-15.
Echinus " Gmel. 1788. Lixx. Syst. Xat. 3183.

Echinanaus " ! Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 7.

Galerites echinonea Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 246.

Echinoneus cruciatus ! Ag vss. 1843. Des. Mon. Galerites, p. 46, PI. VI. f. 1-3.
" cruciatus] Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ecbin., p. 33.

" serialis ! Des. 1842. Ag. Mon. Ech. Galerites, p. 48, PI. VI. f. 10-13.

" serialis\ Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 143.

" " ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Echin., p. 33.

" " ! Duj. Hupe\ 1862. Echin., p. 545.

" crassus! Agass. 184 7. C. R. Ann. Sc. Xat., VII. p. 143. Zanzibar.

" crassns'. GRAY, 1855. Cat. Rec. Echin., p. S3.

" ! Duj. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 546.

" IMlCH.1862. Mailld. Bourbon Annex. A, PL XVI.f. , 1.
" ventricosus ! Agass. 1847. C. K. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 144. New Zealand?

ventrico8tis\ Gray, is."j5. Cat. Rec Echin., p. 33.
! Duj. Hupri, 1862. Echin., p. 546.
" minor I Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch., 1 p. 169 (non Auct.). Flores. Amboina. Manila.

* Australia ; * Bourbon (J. il. P.) ; *Kingsmills Islands (Garrett) ; Zanzibar! (J. d. P.) ; Flores,
Amboina, Manila (Martens) ; Lord Hood's Islands! (Brit. Mus.).

Echinoneus semilunaris

Seba, 1758. Tin s., III. /'/. X.f. r, copied in Leske, PI. Xl.IX.f. 8, 0, et Exc. Meth. /'/.

CLII /./.~i.

KNORR, 1771. Delie., PL Dl.f. 11.

Echinoneus minor Leske, 1778. Kl. Add., p. 174, /'/. XI. IX. f. S, 9.

" minor'. Blaixv. 1831. Actin., p. 212.

" " ! Desor, 1842. Agass. Mon. fich. Galdrites, PL VI. f. 16.

" " 1 Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII., p. 143.

" " ! Cray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Echin., p. 82.

" " I Duj. Hope", 1862. Echin., p. 545.

Echinus ovalis Linx. 1753. Mus. Tcss., p. 114.

" semilunaris Gmel. 1788. Linx. Syst. Nat.
Echinoneus semilunaris] Lamk. A. 1816. An. b. Vert, p. 10. St. Domingo. W. Indies.
" ! Blaixv. 1825. Diet. Sc. Nat , XIV p. 19b.
" " 1 Blaixv. 1834. Actin., p. 212.

» " 1 Agass. 1836. Prod , p. 20.

" ! Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 340.

I Edw. in Cuv. Reg. An. ed. HL, PL ZlV.f. I.
" " ILiJTK.1864. Bid., p. 124. W.Indies.

" " 1 A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C Z., I. p. 267. Straits Florida,

gibbosus! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 19. American Seas.
gibbosus I Blaixv. 1825. Diet. S. N., XIV. p. 196.
" " ! Agass. 1836. Trod., p. 20.

" Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 340.

" ! Des. 1842. Ag. Mon. Ech. Galerites, p. 46, PL VI. f. 4-6.
" " ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Bee. Ech., p. 32.

" elegans ! Desor, 1842. Ag. Mon. Ech. Galerites. p. 47, PL VI. f. 7-0. Hayti.

elegansl A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. Florida,
conformis ! Des. 1842. Mon. Gal , p. 48, PL VI. f. 17-.J1.
con/ormis Broxn, 1859. Kl u. Ord. Actin., PL XLII.f. ft

*Jamaica, *St. Thomas (Adams) ; Jeremie, Ilayti (Weinland) ; *Cuba ; *Bermuda (Hammond) ;
*Carysfort Reef (Pourtales) ; Guadeloupe ! (Brit. Mus.) ; Cuba ! Araugo ; Porto Rico ! (Mus.
Copenh.).

SYNONYMY. 119

ECHINOSTREPHUS.

Echinometra Rumph. 1705. Arab. Rar. Kam.

Echinus Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. Nat. (pars.)
Psammechinus Du.i. Hup:£, 1862. Echin. (pars.)
Echinostrephus A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I.

Echinostrephus molare

Echinometra setosa Rumph. 1705. Amb. Rar. Kam., PL XIII. f. 5.

Seba, 1758. Thes., III. PI. XIII. f. 9.

Echinus molaris ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. Nat. O., p. 88.
" molaris Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 282.
" mola! Blainv. 1834. Aetin., p. 228.

" laganoides! Des. 184G. Agass. C R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 370.
Psammechinus laganoides \ Du.i. HupiS, 1862. Echin., p. 528.

" " ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic., p. 151.

Echinus lezaroides Perrier, 1869. Pedic., p. 146.

" longispina! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. Nat. O., p. 89.
" Jongispinus\ Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 228.

! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 370.
" " ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p. 146.

" longispina Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 282.
Psammechinus longispinus Duj. Hupe', 1862. Echin., p. 527.

" " Perrier, 1869. Pedic., p. 151.

Echinostrephus aciculatus ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 21. Kingsmills Islands.

Sandwich Islands.
Perinatus laganoides Des. MS. (J. d. P.).

*Kingsmills Islands, *Sandwich Islands, *Society Islands (Garrett) ; *Zanzibar (Cooke) ;
Mozambique! (Mus. Stock.); Natal! (Mus. Stutt.) ; Bourbon! (J. d. P.); Cape Good Hope

(Brit. Mus.) ; Amboina (Rumph.).

ECHINOTHRIX.

Echinometra Rumph. 1705. Amb. Rar. Kam.

Diadema Schynv. 1711. Thes. Imag.

Cidaris Klein, 1 734. Nat. Disp. Ech. (pars.)

Echinus Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst Nat. (pars.)

Cidarites Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, (pars.)

Astropijga Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. (pars.)

Echinothrix Peters, 1853. Monatsb. Akad. Berlin.

Echinothrix Bolsche, 1865. Wieg Archiv.

" A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I.

Savignya Des. 1854. Syn. Ech. foss.
Garelia Gray, 1855. Proc. Zobl. Soc. Lond.
Garelia A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z.

Echinothrix calamaris

Echinus calamaris Pall. 1774. Spic. Zool., I. fas. X. PI. II. f. i-S. copied in Deslong. Enc.

Me'th., PI. CXXXIV.f. 9-11.
Cidaris calamaris Leske, 1778. Kl. Ech., p. 115, PL XLV.f. 1-4.
Echinus calamarius Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst. Nat, 3173.

120 SYNONYMY.

Echinothrix calamaris (continued).

Cidarites calamaria! Lamk. 1S16. A. s. Vert., p. 58. (pars.)
Diadema calamaria '. Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 4.
" calamarium ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 22.
" Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 308.

! Mich. 1845. Rev. Mag. Zobl., p. 14.
" " ! Duj. Hcee", 1862. Echin., p. 505. (pars.)

" calamare ! Mart. 18C6. Wieg. Arch., p. 150. (pars.) Timor.
Cidaris calamaria\ Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 231.

Aslropyga calamaria \ Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 345. Amboina.
Echinothrix calamaria Peters, 1853. Monatsb. Berl. Ak., p. 484. Mozambique.
Echinothrix " ! Peters, 1854. Seeig. v. Moss., p. 116.

" " ! Peters, 1854. Seeig. v. Moss., p. 116.

Garelia aequalis ! Gray, 1855. Proc. Zobl. Soc. Loud., p. 38. Mauritius.
Echinothrix aequalis \ BbLSCHE, 1865. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 333.

" aperta! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. '/.., \>. 19. Society Islands.

" apertal Bolsche, 1865. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 333.

" turcarum] Bolsche, 1865. Wieg. Arch., I. p. S80. (pars)

♦Society Islands (Garrett); *Kupang, Timor (Marten-, Mus. Berlin); Amboina! Nikobar!
(Mus. Copenh.) j Pomotu Islands! (U. S. Ex. Exp., Smilbson. Coll.); Wupang ! (Berlin Mus.);
Philippine Islands! (Semper) j Sandwich Elands! (Vienna Mus.).

Echinothrix Desorii

Cidarites calamaria 1 Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 58. (pars.) Mers d'Indes.

Diadema calamarium ! Dnj, Ilt'iiv, 1862. Echin.. p. 505. (pars.)

" " ! Perrier, 1869. Pcdic , p. 816, /'/. /I'./ 3, 8b.

Aslropyga Desorii ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat.. VI. p. 345. Red Sea.
Echinothrix Desorii Piters, 1853. Monatsb. Berl. Ak., p. 484.
Echinothrix " ! Peti rs, 1854. Seeig. v. Moss., p. 117.

" " ! Bolsche, 1865. Wieg. Archiv, p. 330.

scutata! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 19. Sandwich Islands.

" srttlnta\ Bot.si in, 1S65. Wieg. Arch.. 1. p. 333.

Echinothrix annellata ' Pi rERS, 1853. Monatsb. Ak. Berl., p. 484. Mozambique.
Echinothrix anneUata Peters, 1854. Seeig. \. Moss., p. 117.

" Bolsche, 1865. Wieg. Archiv, I. p. 838.
Garelia clavata ! Gray. is;,:,. Proc. Zobl. Soc. London, p. 38.
Savignya Frappieri Mich. 1862. Maill. An. A.. /'/. XV. f. l- r J. Bourbon.
Echinothrix clavata Bolsche, 1865. Wieg- Archiv, I. p. 333.

♦Sandwich Islands (Garrett); *Feejee Islands (Mus. Godeff.); ^Mauritius (Pike); Bourbon!
(Ecol. Min.) ; *Red Sea (J. d. P., Botta).

Echinothrix turcarum

Echinometra Rtwirn. 1705. Amboin. Rar. Kam., PI. XIV. f. B.

Diadema turcarum Sciiy.nv. 1711 ? Tins. Imag., p. 2 (teste Bolsche).
Diadema turcarum ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 349. (pars )
Echinothrix turcarum Peters, 1853. Monatsb. Berl., p 184.
Echinothrix " ! Peters, 1854. Seeig. v. Moss, p. 116. Mozambique.

" " ! Bolsche, 1865. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 330. (pars.)

" " ! Bolsche, 1866. AVicg. Arch., I p. 89.

Garelia " ! A. Agass 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 19.

Echinus diadema Lixx. 1758. Syst. Nat.
Cidaris araneiformis LeSKE, 1778. Kl. Ech., p. 116.
Echinus araneiformis Gmel. 1788. Link. Syst. Nat., 3173.

" coronalis Leske, 1778. Kl. Ech., p. 116.
Cidarites spinosissima ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 58.
Diadema spinosissimum\ Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 22.

" " DESHL. 1887. Syn., p. 308.

SYNONYMY. 121

Echinothrix turcarum (continued).

Diadema spinosksimum ! Mich. 1845. Rev. Mag. Zool., p. 13. Isle de France.

" " ! Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch., p. 152.

Astropyga spinosissima \ Agass. 1846. C R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI p. 345. Mauritius. Zanzibar.
Echinothrix " Peters, 1853. Monatsb. Berl., p. 484.

Echinothrix " ! Peters, 1854. Seeig. v. Mo.-s., p. 117.

" ! Bolsche, 1865. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 330.

Savignya " ! Duj. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 506.

« ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p. 137, PL IV. f. 6.
Cidarilcs subularis ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, p. 58. Isle de France.
Diadema subulare ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 22.
" Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 308.

Astropyga subularisl Agass. 1846. U. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 345. Seychelles.
Echinothrix " Peters, 1853. Monatsb. Berl. Ak., p. 484.
Echinothrix " ! Peters, 1854. Seeig. v. Moss., p. 1 1 7.

" " ! Bolsche, 1865. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 329.

Savignya " ! Des. 1854. Syn. Ech. foss.
Savignya " ! Duj. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 505.

Garelia " ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., p. 18.

Diadema Desjardinsii ! Mich. 1844. Rev. Mag., p. 136. Isle de France.

Desjardinsii\ Mich. 1845. Rev. Mag., p. 14, PL VII.
Garelia cincta ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 18. Kingsmills Islands. Sandwich Islands.
Echinothrix ductal Bolsche, 1865. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 333.

" Petersii! Bolsche, 1865. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 334, PL XIII. Feejee Islands.

*Sandwich Islands, *Society Islands, *Kingsmills Islands (Garrett); *Feejee Islands, Bonin
Islands! (W. Stimpson, Sraithson. Coll.); Samoa ! Upolu ! (Mus. Godeff.) ; Amboina (Rumph) ;
Timor (Mus. Berl.); *Zanzibar (Cheney); *Mauritius (Pike); New Ireland! Red Sea! Mau-
ritius! Isle de France! (J. d. P.) ; Philippine Islands! (Semper).

ECHINUS.

Echinus Rondel. 1554. De Pise. Mar.

Cidaris Klein, 1734. Nat. Disp. Ech. (pars.)

Echinus Linn. 1758. Syst. Nat. (pars.)

Heliocidaris Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. (pars.)

Psammechinus Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. (pars.)

Sphaerechinus Duj. Hup£, 1862. Echin (pars.)

Echinus acutus

? Cidaris Basteri Leske, 1778. Kx. Add. p. 23, PL XLIX.f. Z
Echinus acutus ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, p. 45.
" acutus ! Blalnv. 1825. Diet. Sc. N. O., p. 78.
" " ! Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 227.

" Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 270.
" ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 365.
" " Aradas, 1853. Monog. Ech. Atti. Catania, VIII. p. 276. Sicily.

" " Caill. 1865. Cat. Rad. Ann., p. 20.

" miUaris Flem. 1828. Brit. An., p. 478 (non Auct).

Flemingii !? Ball. 1841, in Forbes, Brit. Start"., p. 164, fig.
Flemingii ! Dub. o. Kor. 1844. Skand. Ech., p. 266, PL IX. f. 31, 32. Norway.
" ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 365.
" " ! Gray, 1848. Brit. Rad., p. 3.

122 SYNONYMY.

Echinus acutUS (continued).

Echinus Flemingii Saks, 1857. Middelh. Litt. Faun., p. 111. Naples.
« « ! Saks, 1861. Norges Ech., p. 93.

» « ! Dim. Hupe", 1862. Ech., p. 525. /

" " ! Grube, 1864. Insel Lussin. Lussin (Adriatic).

" sardicus Caill. 1865. Cat. Kad. An., p. 20 (non AUCT.). W. coast France.

♦Devonshire, *W. coast Norway (Sars) ; *Oban, *Milford (W. Stimpson) ; *Mosterhavn, *Har-
dangerfjord (G. O. Sars) ; *Shetland Islands, 150 fins., *between Faroe and Shetland Islands,
Hid tins., *So. Ireland. 100 t'ms., *Cape de Gatte, *Cape Sagras, 165 I'm-. (Porcup, Exped.);
*Naples (Panceri) ; Katwijck (Maitlaud) ; Lussin (Grube); Lessina (Heller); Port Vendresl
Oran ! Algeria ! (J. d. P.).

Echinus angulosus

Cidaris miliaria angidosai Klein, 1784. Nat Disp Ech., PL ULf. A. B.

Cidaris angulosa Leske, 1778. Ki. Add., PL ///. / .1, 11, copied in EnC. Metii., /'/.

CXXXIII.f.6,6.

Gualteri, 1742. Index Test., PL CVIII.f. A, copied in Esc. Mi'.ni., PI. CXCVI1I.

Skua, 1758. Thes., III. PL X.f. SO.

Knorr, 1771. Delic, PL D.f. ',. 6.

Audouin in Savigny, Egypte, PI. VII

Echinus subaugulosus ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, |>. 4 s (non Bi.ai.nv.).

" subangulosta Hesvi,. 1887. Syn., p. 270. Cape Good Hope.
Fsammechiuus subangulosus \ AGASS. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 368.
Psammechinus " ! Du.l. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 527.

" verruculatus Li i K. 1864. Bid, p. 166.

Echinus minimus ! BLAINV. 1825. Diet Sc. Nat O., ]). 80. Cape Good Hope.

« minimus Di.sml. 1837. Syn., p. 274.

" mmuftis 1 Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 227.

*Cape Good Hope (Wahlenberg); *Simon's Bay (W. Stimpson); *Cape Town (Layard) ;
•Nikobar (Mus. Vienna); Bntu (Bonn Mus.)-, Mauritius! (Stockholm); Mozambique (Bianconi);
*New Zealand (Edwards); Adelaide! E. coast Australia 1 (Brit. Mus.); *Red Sea (Hemp. u.
Ehreb. Mus. Berl.) ; Suez ! (J. d. P.) ; Philippine Islands ! (Semper).

Echinus elegans

Echinus elegans ! (Dub. o. Kor.) 18 1 1. Skand. Echin , p. 272. /'/. A". /. tO-4£. W. coast Norway.
" " Agass. 1846. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 865.

" I Sars, 1861. Norges Echin., p. 94.
" •• Dim. IIi'i'E, 1802. Echin., p. 524.

*Hardangerfjord, 150 fms. (G. O. Sars) ; *Cape Sagras, 80 fms., 'between Faroe and Shetland
Islands, 400 tins., *off Valencia, 90 fms. (Porcup. Exped.) ; W. coast Norway, 250 fins. (Daniel-
sen) ; Bergen (Sars).

Echinus esculentus

Cidaris mSiaris sp. II. hemisphaerica Klein, 1734. PL II. f. B.

Knorr, 1771. Delic, /'/. D.f. 1; Pl.DII.f. r«, copied in Leske, Kl. A. Id.,/'/. AAA 17//.//.

Ech in us subglobosus Linn. 1745. Faun. Sine. p. 518.

" esculentus Linn. 1758. Syst. Nat , ed. X. p. 663 (non Rumph nee Leske).
! Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 4.

" " Flem. 1828. Brit An , p. 478.

" " ! Agass. 1886. Trod, p. 190.

" " Desml. 1887. Syn., p. 278.

" " I DtJB. o. Kor. 1844. Skand. Ech., p. 264. W. coast Norway.

" " ! Agass. 1846. ('. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 865. German Ocean.

" " Gray, 1848. Brit. Bad., p. 3.

" " ! Sars, 1861. Norges Ech., p. A3.

SYNONYMY. 123

Echinus esculentus (continued).

Sphaerechinus esculentus Du.j. Ilri'io, 1 Si52. Echin., p. 529.

Perkier, 1869. Pedic, p. 151, PL V.f. S a-c.
i 'idaris hemisphaerica Leske, 1778. Kl. Add., p. 126.
Echinus sphaeralV Mull. 177ij. Prod. Zuol. Dan., p. 235.

sphaera Penn. 1812. Brit. An., 2d ed., PI. XXXVI. f. 1; 1st ed., PL XXXIV. f. 1.
" " Forbes, 1841. Brit. .Start'., p. 149, fig.

" " Val. 1841. Ac, ass. Mon. Ecu., Anat. Ech., PL VII.- IX. passim.

" Mull. 1848. Abhdl., I. PL V.f. l-S: PL VI, VII. f. 1-3 (Pluteus).
« « Mull. 1854. Ban d. EcL., Pl.II.f. 1.

" Gosse, 1856. Tenby, fig.
« " Bronx, 1859. Kl. n. Ord. Actin., PL XXXIX. f. S.

" " Stewart, 1865. Trans. Linn. Soc, XXV. PL L.f. 2 a.

" globiforniis ! Lamk. 1S16. An s. Vert., p. 44.

globiformisl Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. Nat. O., p. 79.
" Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 227.

" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 270.

" " Caill. 1865. Cat. Rad. An., p. 20.

" subangulosus ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. N. O., p. 78 (non Lamk).
" subangulosus Blainv. 1834. Aetin., p. 227.
" pseudomelo ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. N. O., p. 77.
" pseudomelo Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 227.
" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 270.

" aurantiacus ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. S. N. O., p. 79.
" aurantiacus Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 227.

Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 272.
" quiuqueangulatus ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. N. O., p. 79.
" quinqueangulatns Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 270.
" quinqueangulosus Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 227.
violaceus ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. N. O., p. 80.
" violaceusl Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 227.
" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 272.

" depressusl Mich. MS. (ficol. Min.).

*W. Sweden, *Norway (Sars) ; * Lofoten Islands, 1. w. m. — 80 fms. (G. O. Sars) ; *Oban (W.
Stimpson) ; *Heligoland (Weinland) ; *Mill'ord, *W. coast Great Britain, *Oban (W. Stimpson) ;
English Channel, Scotland (Forbes) ; Finmark (Sars) ; Drontheim — Cape North, 1. w. m. —
1.5 t'rns. ( Mc Andre w & Barrett) ; Ireland! (Mus. Copenh.) ; Schveningen, Katwijck, Groningen
(Maitland).

Echinus gracilis

Echinus gracilis ! A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 269. Straits Florida.

*OffSand Key, 120, 125 fms., *Florida Gulf Stream, 101, 119, 128, 150, 200 fras., *Key West,
135, 140 fms., *off Tennessee Reef, 114 fms., *off Alligator Reef, 156 fms. (Pourtale.-) ; St.
Thomas! (Duehassaing, J. d. P.).

Echinus magellanicus

Echinus magellanicus ! Phil. 1857. Wieg. Archiv, I. 130. Straits of Magellan.
Psammechinus magellanicus ! Du.l. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 528.
" cupreus ! Trosch. MS. Mus. Frankfort.

♦Patagonia (Denning) ; *Straits Magellan (Mus. Stockh., Mack) ; *Valparaiso (Loriol) ; *New
Zealand, Australia! (Frankfort Mus.).

124 SYNONYMY.

Echinus margaritaceus

Echinus margaritaceus! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, p. 47. So. Pacific ?
" margaritaceus ! Blainv 1825. Diet. Sc. Nat, p. 78.
" " ! Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 227.

" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 270.

" '• ! Val. 1846. Voyage Venus, Zooph., PI. Vl.f.l.

Heliocitlaris margarkacea ! Agass. 1840. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 371. So. Pacific.
" " ! Duj. Huprf, 1862. Echin., p. 537.

*Cape Horn (Mus. Godeff.) ; So. Polar sea*! (J. d. P.); New Zealand! (Smithson. Coll.);
Port Otway, W. coast Patagonia ! (Brit. Mus.).

Echinus melo

Echiiiometia Rondel. 1554. Lib. de Pise. Mar., p. 578.

GUALTERI, 1742. PL CVI.f. E.

■'. Enc. Metii. PI CXLI.f. i, e.

Echinus melo ! Lame. 1816. An. 8. Vert., p. 45. Mediterranean.
" melo Risso, 1826. Europ. Mer., V. p. 276.
" ! Blainv. 1827. Diet. Sc NO., p. 77.
" I Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 226, PL XX.f. S.
" " ! Ag iss. 1836. Prod., p. 23.

Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 276.
" ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI p. 365. Algeria
" Mull. AbhdL, IV. PL VlJ.f. 9, (Pluteus).

" " A rad as, 1858. M g. Echin. Atii. Gioen., VIII. p. 275. Sicily.

" •• Sars, 1857. Middelh. Litt Fauna, p. 111. Naples.

" ■• ! Dhj. Hick, 1862. Echin., p. 524.

" " ! Grubb, 1864. Inscl Lussin. Lussin (Adriatic).

" " Caill. 1865. Cat Rad. Ann., p. 19. W. coast France.

*Nice (Bnrkhardt, Verany) ; *Naples (Panceri) ; *W. coast Italy (Bigacci) ; *Venice (Lyman):
Mediterranean ! Oran ! Alger ! Cape Verde Islands ! ( Bouvier) : W. coast Africa ! Canary Islands !
Spain! Portugal! (J. d. P.); Dnlniatia (Mull.); Qiiarnero. Lussin (Grube); Lessiua, 3J - .j'>
fins. (Heller).

Echinus microtuberculatus

Knorr, 1771. Delic, PI. D.f. 6.

Echinus microtuberculatus' Blainv. 1825. Diet Sc. X. O.. p. 88. Mediterranean.
Psammechinus micrcluberculatus ' Ag iss. 1846. C. EL Ann. Sc. Nat, VII. p. 366.
Psammechinvs " ! Sars, 1857. Middelh. Lit. Fauna, p. 115.

" " ! Duj. IIii'E. 1862. Eeliin.. p. 526.

" Perrier, 1869. Pe"dia, p. 150, PL V.f.8a,b.

Echin us parvituberculatus ! Blainv. is.'! I Actin., p. 228.

" parvituberculatus Desml. 1887. Syn., p. 282.
Psammechinus parvitubercvlatus\ LiJTK. 1864. Hid., p. 168.
Echinus miliaris Risso, 1820. Europ. Meriil.. \'. (non Mn.i.. nee Linn.).

" " Aradas, 1853. Monog. Echin. Atti. Gioen., VIII. p. 290. Sicily.

" pulchellus ! Agass. 1841. Val. Anat. gen. Ech., p. VI.
" pulchellus Mull. 1854. Abhdl., IV. p. 48, Pi VI. f. 1-6 (Pluteus).
" Mull. 1S56. Bau d. Ech., PL II. f. 4.
Psammechinus pulchellus Bronn, 1859. Kl. u. Ord., p 338, Actin, PL XXXIX. f. 6.

" " Duj. HupE", 1862. Echin., p 526.

Echinus decoratus ! Agass. 1841. Val. Anat. g. Kcli., p. VII.
Psammechinus decoratus'. Duj. HuPB", 1862. Echin., p. 527.

*Mediterranean. *Spezzia (Lyman); *NapIes (Panceri); *W. coast Italy (Rigacci) ; Triest
(Midler); Lis.-a. Lessina, Ragusa (Heller); Cape Verde Islands ! (J. d. P.); Genoa, Nice (Ve-
rany) ; Messina (Sars). .

SYNONYMY. 125

Echinus miliaris

Cidaris miliaris saxalilis Klein, 1734. Nat. Disp. Ech., PL II. f. A, B; PL XXXI. f. C.
Echinus miliaris Mull. 1771. Knore, DeL

" miliar if \ Lasik. 1816. A. s. Vert, p. 49. N. European Atlantic.

! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Se. N. O., p. 80 (non Flem ).
" '• Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 237.

" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 272.

! Agass. 1841. Val. Anat. gen. Ech., p. VI.
" " ! Forbes, 1841. Brit. Starf., p. 161, fig.

" " ! Gray, 1848. Brit. Rad., p. 3.

Sars, 1861. Norges Ech., p. 94.
Fsammechimis miliaris\ Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Se. Nat., VI. p. 368.
Psammechinus " ! Desor, 1855. Syn. Ech. foss., PL XVIII. f. 7, S.

" ! Duj. Hup£, 1862. Eehin., p. 526.

! Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p. 146, PI. V. f. 1 a - d.
Echinus saxalilis O. F. Mull. 1 776. Prod., p. 235 (non Linn, nee Fab.).
Cidaris " Leske, 1778. Kl. Add., p. 82, PL II. f. A, B ; PL XXXVIII. /. 2, 3, copied in

Ene. Meth, PL CXXXIII.f. 1, 2.
Echinus pustulatus ! Agass. 1841. Val. An. gen. Ech., p. VI.
Psammechinus pustulahis ! Duj. Hupe', 1862 Eehin. p. 527.

Echinus virens ! Dub. o. Ivor. 1844. Skand. Feb., p. 274, PL X.f. 43, 44- W. coast Norway.
Psammechinus Korenii Des. 1846. Agass. C. R. Ann. Se. Nnt., VI. p. 368.
V Gosse, 1856. Tenby, Pluteus, fig.

*Nor\vay, *Oresund (Mus. Copenli.) ; *Drdbaek (Eschricht) ; *Boulogne ; *Oban (W. Stimp-
son) ; English Channel! Liverpool! Milf'oid ! (Liverpool Mus.); S. W. coast Sweden (Sars);
Ireland (Thomson) ; Drontheim — Cape North (McAndrew & Barrett) ; W. Scotland, N. Ireland,
Guernsey (Forbes) ; Schveningen, Katvvijck, Doneburg (Maitland).

Echinus norvegicus

Echinus norvegicus! Dub. o. Ivor. 1844. Skand. Eehin., p. 268, PL IX. f. 33-39. W. coast

Norway.

" norvegicus \ Sars, 1861. Norges Eehin., p. 94.
Psammechinus norvegicusl Agass. Des. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 368.
Psammechinus " ! Duj. Hupe", 1862. Eehin., p. 526.

Echinus Flemingii\ A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z , I. p. 262 (non Auct.). Straits Florida.

" depressus G. O. Sars, 1871. Vidensk. Selsk. Forh, p. 23 (non Blainv.). Lofoten.

" rarispinus ! G. O. Sars, 1871. MS. Lofoten.

*North Sea, 200 fins. (Mus. Stock.) ; *Lofoten Islands, 200-300 fms., Storggen Bank, 80-100
fins. (G. O. Sars) ; *Shetland Islands, *off Valencia, *between Faroe and Shetland Islands,
400 f'rns. *Cape Wrath, 300 fms., *Adventure Bank (Porcupine Exped.) ; W. coast Norway,
450 fms. (Danielsen); *Florida Gulf Stream, 195 fms. (Pourtales) ; Salterfjord 150-200 fins.
(G. O. Sars).

126 SV.No.NVMV.

ENCOPE

Echinodiscus Lf.SKE, 1778. Kx. Add. (pars.)
Echinus Gmel. 1788. Syst. Nat. (pars.)
Scutella Lamk. 1816. An. 8. Vert, (pars.)
Encope Ac ass. 18-10. Cat. Syst. Eetyp.
Encope Agass. 1841. Monog. S™t.
Echinoglycus Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech. (pars.)
Mellila Agass. 1811. Monog. Sent, (pars.)
Moulinia Agass. 1841. Monog. Scut
tfoulinsia A.G U5S. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc Nat., VII. (non Gratel, 1840).

Encope californica

Encopt californica I Verriix, 1870, Sill. Journ., p. 97. La Paz.

californica '. Verriix, 1871. Notes Radiata, p. 586, PL X.f. 5, 6. Cape St. Lucas.

►La Paz (Pedersen, Yale Coll.).

Encope emarginata

Skua, 1758. Tins, III. PL XV.f. •'. 6, copied in Enc. Moth., Pi CXLVIII.

Echinodiscus emarginatus LE8KE, 1778. Ki.. Add., p. 136, PI. L. /. 5, <?, copied in Enc. Meth.,

PI. CL.f. I, ■'■
Echimts emarginatw Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst N , ;ti89.
Scutella emarginata\ Lamk. 1816. An s. Vert., p. 9.
Scutella " ! Blainv. 182.3. Diet. Sc. N. Scut., p. •.'■.'4.

" " ! Blainv. 1834. Actio., p. 219.

" •■ I Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 188.

« " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 222.

Encope " ' A,;\ss. 1841. Mon. Scut, p. 47, PL X.

" " ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 137. Rio Janeiro.

! Dim. IIite", 1862. Echin., p. 567.
ILutk. 1864. Bid., p. Ill, PLII.f. 4, 6. W. Indies.
! Verrill, 1868. Notes Radiata, p. 370. Rio, Bahia.
! A. AGA88. 1869. Bull. M. ('. Z., I. p. 267, 289. Straits Florida.
Echinodiscus quaterperforatua Lisske, 1778. Kl. Add., p. 140.
Echinus tetraporus Gmel. 1 7S8. Linn. Svst. N., SJ89.
Scutella tetrapora Blainv. 1884. Actio., p. 219, /'/. XVIII. f. 4.
Scutella quadrifora Lamk. 1816. An. >. Vert, p 9.
Scutella quadrifora Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. Nat. Scut., p. 224.

" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 224.

" quinqueloba Em it. 1829. Zool. Atl., PI. XX. f. 1- Rio Janeiro.
Encope quinqueloba \ Grube, 1857, Nov. Act.. XXVII. p. 46.
Scutella cassidulina Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 232. Martinique.
Moulinia cassidulina ! AGASS. 1841. Mon. Scut., p. 139, PL XXILf. 1-6.
Moulirma " ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 139.

" " ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Bee. Ech., p. 27.

" " ! Desor. 1857. Synops. Ech. foss., PL XXVII. f. 14-16,

" " ! Du.j. Hope", 1862. Echin., p. 558.

" " ! Lutk. 1864. Bid., p. 118.

Encope Valenciennesii ! Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut., p. 54, PI. VII., VIII. Martinique.

" Valenciennesii] Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 137.

« " ! Dim. Hurf, 1862. Echin., p. 569.

" subclausa! Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut., p. 56, PL V.f. .5. Brazil.

" subclausa ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 137.

SYNONYMY. 127

Encope emarginata {continued).

Encope subclause,] Du.j. Hurl;, 18G2. Echin., p. 569.

" oblonga ! Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut., p. 53, PL IX. Rio Janeiro.

" oblongal Agass. 1847. C. E. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 187.

" " ! Du.J. Hupis, 1862. Echin., p. 5C9.

Mellita lobata ! Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut., p. 44, PI. IV. f. 13.

" lobata I Agass. 1847. C. R Ann. Sc. Nat, VII. p. 139.

" " ! Mich. 1858. Rev. Mag. Zobl., No. 8.

" " ! Du.J. Hup£, 1862. Echin., p. 567.

" nummularia ! Val. 1847. Agass. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 139.

" nummularia I Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 24.
! Du.i. Hupe\ 1862. iSchin.
Encope Ghiesbrechtii Belval, 1863. Bull. Acad. Brux., XV. p. 419.
Echinoglycus frondosus! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p 24. Nicaragua.

*Destei-ro, Brazil (F. Miiller) ; *Rio Janeiro, *Maranhao (Agassiz, Thayer Exp.) ; *Victoria,
*Sta. Anna Island (Hartt & Copeland, Thayer Exped.) ; *West Indies; *Cumana, Venez.
(Couthouy) ; Bahia, Itapaji, Purpui, San Antonio (Hartt); *Florida Gulf Stream, 7 fins. (Pour-
tales) ; Martinique! (Mus. Neuftl., Brit. Mus.) ; Nicaragua ! Yucatan! (Brit. Mus.) ; Pernainbuco
(Belval) ; Charleston, S. C. ! (Gibbes).

Encope grandis

Encope grandis! Agass. 1840. Cat. Syst. Ectyp.
Encope grandis ! Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut, p. 57, PL VI.

" " ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VII. p. 137.

" 1 Duj. HupjS, 1862. Echin., p. 569.

" " ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 26. Gulf California.

" " ! Verrjxl, 1867. Notes Radiata, p. 310. La Paz.

" " ! Verrill, 1871. Notes Radiata, p. 585.

Echinoglycus grandis I Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 26.
Encope Agassizii ! Mich. 1851. Rev. Mag. Zobl., No. 2.

" Agassizit\ Duj. Hupis, 1862. Echin., p. 569.

♦Lower California (Caldwell, Stone) ; *Guayrnas (Stone) ; *La Paz (Pedersen, Yale Coll.).

Encope Michelini

Encopt Michelini! Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut, p. 58, PL VI a .f.9.10. Yucatan.
" Michelinil Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VII. p. 137.
" " ! Duj. Hupe\ 1862. Echin., p. 569.

" A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 27. Tampa Bay.
" A. Agass. 1869 Bull. M. C. Z., I., p. 266. Straits Florida.

Echinoglycus frondosus ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 25, Var. 5.
Encope aberrans ! Mart. 1867. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 112. Campiche Bay.

*Yucatan ; *Tampa Bay, Fla., *Captiva Key, Fla. (Wiirdemann) ; *off Sarrasota Bay, 5-6
fms. *Rebecca Shoals (Pourtales) ; *Alabama ; Campiche Bay ! (Mus. Berl.).

Encope micropora

Encope micropora ! Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut, p. 50, PL X".f. 4-S; PI. XIX". f. 7.

" micropora] Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VII. p. 137.

" " ! Du.J. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 568.

Encope cyclopora ! Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut, p. 52, PL X h .f. 6-9.

" cycloporal Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VII. p. 137.

" " ! Duj. Hupi5, 1862. Echin., p. 568.

Echinoglycus cyclopora\ Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 26.
Encope perspectiva 1 Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut., p. 51, PL X h .f. 1-5.

128 SYNONYMY.

Encope micropora {continued).

Encope perspectiva '. Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 137.

" " ! Dr.). IIupiS, 1862. Echin., p. 568.

Echinoglycus perspectiva ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Bee. Ech., p. 26.
Encope tetraporal Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut, p. 49, PL A'"/ 1-8 (non Auct.). Galapagos.

'• " ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. N., VII. ]> 137. (pars.)

Echinoglycus telrapora ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Bee. Ech., p. 26.
Encope occidentalis ! Vkrrill, 1867. Notes Radiata, p. 309. Panama. Zorritos.

•' occidentalism. Vkruii.l, 1S71. Notes lladiata, PL X.f. 4.

" Lapeyrousii Midi. MS. (Ecol. Min.).

" elegans MlCH. MS. (Ecol. Min.).

" Sebae Mich. M.S. (Ecol Min.).

" meUitifrous Mien. MS. (Ecol. Min.).

♦Lower California (Gibbes) ; *Guaymas (Stone) ; *Cape St. Lucas (Xanthus, Smithson.
Coll.) ; Mazatlan ! (Bonn Mus. Ecol. Min.) ; *Panama (Maack ; Bradley, Yale Coll.) ; Galapagos.

(SPATANGUS.) Eupatagus.

Eupatagus Agass. 184 7. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VIII.

Eupatagus Valenciennesii

Eupatagus Valenciennesii! .U ass. 1847. C. B. Ann. Sc. Nat, VIII. p. 9, PL XVI. f. 13. New

Holland.
Eupatagus Valenciennesii] Gray, 1855. Cat Bee. Ech., p. 19. Van Diemen'e Land.
Bronn, 1859. EL u. Ord. Actin., PI. XLII./.7.
" ! in .1. Hi 11', 1862. i;. bin , p. 60.

" similis ! Gray, 1851. Ann. Mag. N. II. p. 130.

*New Holland; * Australia (Liverpool Mus.); Van Diemena Land! Port Dalrymple ! Bass
Straits! Flinder's Island! (Brit. Mus.).

(HIPPONOE.) Evechinus.

Echinus Val. 1846. Voyage Venus, (pars.)

Heliocidaris DE8ML. 1847. AGASS. C. B. Ann. Sc. Nat, VII. (pars.)

Psammechums fllli. 1850. PrOC. Boston Sc. N. II.

" A Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z. (pars.)

Boletia Vkrrill, 1867. Notes Radiata. (pars.)
Euechinus Verrii.l, 1871. Notes Radiata. .

Evechinus chloroticus

Echinus chloroticus ! Val. 1846. Voyage Venus, Zooph., PL VII. f 2. New Zealand.
Heliocidaris chU>rotica\ Desml. 1846. Agass. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 371.
Psammechinus chloroticus ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 23.
Evechinus " ! Vkrrill, 1871. Notes Radiata, p. 584.

Psammechinus asteroides ! Gir. 1850 Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H , p. 366.
Boletia viridis ! VeRRILL, 1867. Notes Radiata, p. 304.

*New Zealand. * Auckland (Edwards).

SYNONYMY. 129

(LINTHIA.) Faorina.

Faorina Gray, 1851. Ann. Mag. N. H.

Tripylus Trosch. 1851. Wieg. Archiv, I. p. 72. (pars.)

Atrapus Trosch. 1851. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 72.

Faorina chinensis

Faorina chinensis ! Gray, 1851. Ann. Mag. N. H., VII. p. 132.

Faorina chinensis] Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Echin., p. 57, PI. VI. J 1. China.

Tripylus (Atrapus) grandis ! Trosch. 1851. Wieg. Arch., p. 72, PL I.

♦Shanghae; *Sandwich Islands? (Garrett); China! Hong Kong (Brit. Mus.).

FIBULAEIA.

Echinus Pall. 1774. Spic. Zobl.

Echinocyamus Leske, 1778. Kx. Addit. (pars)

Fibularia Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, (pars.)

Fibularia Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. (pars.)

Echinocyamus Ag ass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. (pars.)

Mortonia Gray, 1851. Proc. Zobl. Soc. London (non Des. 1856).

Fibularia australis

Seba, 1 758. Thes., III. PI. X V. f. 36.

Fibularia australis Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 240 (non A. Agass.).
Echinocyamus australis ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 140. South Pacific.
« " Du.r. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 556.

" " ! Mich. 1859. Rev. Mag. Zobl., p. 9, PL XIV. f. 2.

Mortonia auslralis\ Gray, 1851. Proc. Zobl. Soc. London, p. 38.
Mortonia " Gray, 1852. Ann. Mag. N. IT, p. 448. Australia.

« " Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 37.

♦Sandwich Islands, *Kingsmills Islands (Garrett) ; Ousima! Coral Sea of Australia ! (W. Stimp-
son, Smithson. Coll.) ; South Sea ! (J. d. P., Brit. Mus.).

Fibularia ovulum

Echinus minutus Pall. 1774. Spic. Zobl., IX. PL I.J. 3".

" minutus Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst. Nat., 3194.
Echinocyamus craniolaris Leske, 1778. Kl. Add., p. 150, PL XLVII.f. 3".
Echinus craniolaris Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst. N., 3193.
Fibularia " De Fr. 1820. Diet. Sc. Nat, XVI. p. 512.

» " Des Long. 1824. Enc. Meth., PL CLIV.f. 1, 2.

" " ! Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 211.

" " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 20.

" " Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Echin., p. 29.

Echinocyamus nucleo cerasi Leske, 1778. Kl. Add.

" ervum Leske, 1778. Kl. Add.

Echinus ervum Gmel 1788. Linn. Syst. N, 3193.
Echinocyamus vertice centrali Leske, 1778. Kl. Add.

" turcicus Leske, 1778. Kl. Add.

Echinus turcicus Gmel. 1 788. Linn. Syst. N. 3193.

^30 SYNONYMY.

Fibularia ovulum {continued).

Echinocyamus ovatus Leske, 1 778. Kl. Add.

» lathyrus Leske, 1778. Kl. Add., PI. XXVIII. f. 1.

Echinus lathyrus Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst. N., 3194.
Fibularia " De Fr. 1820. Diet. Sc. Nat., XVI. p. 512.

« " Des Long. 1824. K. M., II. p. 390.

« " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 240.

Echinocyamus equinus Leske, 1778. Ki.. Add.
Echinus equinus Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst. N, 3194.
Echinocyamus inaequalis Leske, 1778. Kl. Add.
Echinus inaequalis Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst. N., 3194.
Fibularia " De Fr. 1820. Din. Sc. Nat., XVI. p. 512.

" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 236.

Echinocyamus cor ranae Leske, 17 78. Ki.. Add.

" cor raninum Leske, 1778. Ki.. Add.

Echinus nucleus Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst. N., 3193.
Fibularia nucleus Desml. 1837. Syn., \>. 240.

" nucli urn De Fr. 1820. Diet. Sc Nat., XVI. p. .011.
Echinus centralis Gmel. 1 788. Linn. Syst. X.. 3193.

" ovulum Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst. N., 3194.
Fibularia ovulum ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 17.
Fibularia " De Fit. 1820. Diet. Sc. Nat, XVL p. 511.

" " I ISi.ainv. 1884. Actio., p. 211.

! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 20.

" '• Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 240.

" | Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VH. p. 142.
" ! Gkay, 1855. Cat Bee, Ech., p. 30.
•• ! Dr.i. llrr-E", 18G2. Ecliin, p. 557.
Echinocyamus ovulum! Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil, p. 6.
Echinus faba Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst X., 3191.
" raninus Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst N., 3195.
" bufonlna Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst N. 3195.
Fibularia trigonal Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 17.
Fibularia trigona De Fr. 1820. Diet. Se. Nat,, XVI. p. 511.
Echinocyamus trigona\ Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 6.
Fibularia trigona'. Bi.ainv. 1834. Ac-tin., p. 211.
" Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 238.

" ! Agass. 1847. C. R Ann. Se. Nat, VII. p. 142.

" ! Perrii R, 1869. lVdie., p. 168.
nucleola Des Long. 1821. E. M., II. 389.

♦Indian Ocean ; E. India Islands ! (J. d. P.) ; Philippine Islands ! (Semper).

Fibularia volva

Fibularia volva! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VII. p. 142. Red Sea.

" volva I Ddj. Hurri, 1862. Echin.
Fibularia oblonga ! Gi:ay, 1851. Proc Zool. Soc, p. 37. N.Australia.

" oblonga ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech.. p. 30, ri. II. f. 6.

*Red Sea; N. Australia ! (Brit. Mus.) ; Channel of Formosa? (Mus. Copenh.).

SYNONYMY. 131

GONIOC1DARIS.

Cidarites Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, (pars.)
Cidaris Blainv. 1834. Actinol. (pars.)
Goniocidaris Des. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI.
Temnocidaris (A. Agass.) 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. (non Cott.).

Goniocidaris canaliculata

Temnocidaris canaliculata ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 18.

*So. Extrem. So. America (Mack) ; Cape Horn! (Brit. Mus.) ; Falkland Islands! (Cunning-
ham); Straits Magellan! (Berlin Mus.); Rose Island! Orange Harbor! (U. S. Ex. Exped.
Smithson. Coll.); Zanzibar! (Leipzig Mus.); Natal! (Krauss).

Goniocidaris geranioides

Seba, 1 758. Thes ., III. PL XIII. f. S, copied in Enc. M., PL CXXX VI. f. 1.

Cidarites geranioides ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 56. E. India.

" geranioides Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 324.
Cidaris " ! Blainv. 1834. Actinol, p. 231.

" " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 21. Port Western.

Goniocidaris geranioides ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 337. New Holland. New

Ireland.
Goniocidaris " Desor, 1855. Syn. Ech. foss., PL I.f. 4.

« " Bronx, 1859. Kl. u. Ord. Actin , PL XLI.J. 2.

" " ! Ditj. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 472, PL IX. f. 5.

« " ! Stewart, 1866.' Trans. Lin. Soc., XXV. PL XLVIII.f. 13-16.

" ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic., p. 132, PL III./. 12.

*Port Western, Australia; *Hobart Town. Van Diemen's Land (Robertson); *East India;
King George's Sound! Freeraantle ! E. coast Australia! Brisbane Water! (Brit. Mus.).

Goniocidaris tubaria

Cidarites tubaria ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 57 (non Steph. tubaria A. Ac). New Holland.

" tubaria Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 326.
Cidaris " ! Agass. 1834. Prod., p. 21.

" " ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 327.

" " ! Doj. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 471.

" " ! Lutk. 1864. Bid., p. 137.

" ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p. 127.
Goniocidaris Quoyi ! Val. 1846. Agass., Des. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 337. New Holland.
Goniocidaris Quoyil Du.J. Hurls:, 1862. Echin., p. 486.

" " Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p. 132.

Cidaris spinulosa ! Gray, 1855. Proc Zool. Soc London, p. 38.

# Bass Straits (Mus. Godeff.) ; *Australia ; ^Tasmania (Liverpool Mus.) ; *Hobson Bay, Vic-
toria (Edwards).

132 SYNONYMY.

HEMIASTER

Hemiaster Des. 1847. C. B. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII.
Tripylus Phil. 1845. Wieg. Archiv, I.
Abatus Trosch. 1851. Wieg. Archiv, I.

Hemiaster australis

Tripylus australis! Phil. 1845. Wieg. Archiv, p. 347. PI. XI. f. 3. So. Extrem. So. America.
Tripylus (Abatus) australis'. TROSCH 1851. Wieg. Arch., p. 72.
Brissopsis australis \ Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VIII. p. 5.

" " ! Duj. Hrjprf, 1862. Echin., p. 597.

Faorina " I C.hay, 1851. Ann. Mag. N. H., VII. p. 132.
Faorina " ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Bee. Echin., p. 57.

*M. C. Z. ; Statten Land! So. Polar seas ! (Brit Mns.) ; So. Extrem. So. America! (Pbilippi) ;
Cape Virgines; off La Plata! . r >0 fins. (Mas. Stockholm).

Hemiaster cavernosus

Tripylus cavernosus ! PHIL. 1815. Wieg. Archiv, p. 315, PI. XI. f. 3. So. Extrem. So. Am.
Tripylus (Abatus) cavernosus \ Trosch. 1851. Wieg. Archiv, p. 72.
Brissopsis cavernosa ! Agass. 1847. C. II. Amu. Sc. Nat, VIII p. 5.

" I Duj. HcfE", 1862. Echin p. 507.
Faorina " I Gr AT, 1851. Ann. Mag. N. H, VII. p. 132.

Faorina " ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec, Echin., p. 57.

Faorina antarctica ! Gray, 1851. Ann. Mag. X. II., VII. p. 132. South Polar Sea.
Faorina antarctical Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Echin., p. 57.

*M. C. Z. ; Statten Laud (Brit. Mus.) ; Chili, So. Extrem. So. America ! (Philippi).

(PSEUDODIADEMA.) Hemipedixa.

Hemipedina WRIGHT, 1855. Rrit. Ool. Eeh.
Hemipedina Df.sor, 1856. Syn. Eeh. foss.
Caenopedina A. Agass. 18C9. Bull. M. C. Z, I.

Hemipedina cubensis

Caenopedina cubensis ! A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 256. Straits of Florida.

*Off Havana, 270 fms., *Florida Gulf Stream, 138 fms. (Pourtalis).

SYNONYMY. 133

HETEROCENTROTUS.

Echinometra Rumph, 1705. Amb. Rar. Kam.

Cidaris Klein, 1734. Nat. Disp. Ech. (pars.)
Echinus Lix. 1758. Syst. Nat. (pars.)
Echinometra Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil, (pars.)
Heterocentrotus Brandt, 1835. Prod.
Acrocladia Agass. 1840. Cat. Syst. Ectyp.
Acroctadia Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. So. Nat., VI.

Heterocentrotus mammillatus

Rumph. 1705. Amb. Rar. Kam., PL XIII. f. 1, 2.

Seba, 1 758. Thes., III. PL XIII. f.1,3, copied in Enc. Meth., PL CXXX VIII. f. 1,3,4-

Knorr, 1771. Delic, PL D.f.S.

Cidaris mammiUata ! Klein, 1734. Nat. Disp. Ech., PL VI. f. A, B.
Cidaris mammillala Leske, 1778. Kl. Add., PL XXXIX. f. 1, copied from Seba.
Echinus mammillatus Linn. 1758. Syst. Nat., ed. X. p. 667.
" GiMEL. 17 78. Linn. Syst. N., 3175.

" " ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, p. 51. Red Sea. East Indies.

! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. Nat. O., p. 97.
Echinometra mammillala\ Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 5.
Echinometra " ! Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 225.

" " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 22.

Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 264.
Edw. in Cuv. Reg. An. Ed. 111., PL XIII. f. 1.
" " ! Mich. 1845. Rev. Mag. Zool, p. 12. Isle de France.

Heterocentrotus mammillatus Brandt, 1835. Prod., p. 266.
Heterocentrotus " ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z , I. Sandwich Islands.

" " ! A. Agass. 1863. Proc. A. N. S Phila., p. 354.

Acrocladia mammil/ata'. Agass. 1840. Cat. Syst. Ectyp.
Acrocladia " ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 374.

" " ! Duj. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 539.

" " ! Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 166.

" " ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p. 162, PL VI. f. I"-'.

Echinus carinatus ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. Nat. O., p. 98. (pars.)
Echinometra carinata ! Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 225. (pars.)
" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 266. (pars.)

" " Ey-d. et Soul. 1844. Voyage de la Bonite, Zoop., /'/. /.

Heterocentrotus carinatus Brandt, 1835. Prod., p. 265.

" Postellsii Brandt, 1835. Prod., p. 265. Bonin Islands

Echinometra Postellsii Desml. 1837. Syn., p 268.

Acrocladia hastifera ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 374. Sandwich Islands.
" hastifera ! Duj. Hupri, 1862. Echin., p. 540.
" " ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic., p. 164, PL VI. f. 3 a, b.

Echinometra Blainvillii Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 264. (pars.)
Acrocladia Blainvillei ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 374. (pars.)
" Blainoillei\ Duj. HupiS, 1862. Echin., p. 540. (pars.)
" planissima! Mart. 1866. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien.
" planissima ! Mart. 1869. Decken, Reise.
" serialis ! Val. Per. 1869. Pedic., p. 165, PL VI. f. 5*.
Echinometra depressa ! Blainv. MS. (J. d. P.). (pais.)
" coronata ! Blainv. MS. (J. d. P.).

♦Sandwich Islands (Garrett) ; *Manila; *Bonin Islands (W. Stimpson, Smithson. Coll.) ; *Feejee
Islands; *Jarvis Island, No. 1 ; *Mauritius (Pike) ; Bourbon ! (Ecol. Min.) ; Loo Choo Islands
(Smithson. Coll.) ; Siam ! (Acad. N. S. Phila.) ; Caroline Islands (Martens) ; Seychelles! Guam
(J. d. P.) ; Molucca, Amboina, Flores, Timor (Martens) ; Philippine Islands! (Semper); Upolu
(Mus. Godcff.) ; New Caledonia! (Crosse) ; *Red Sea (Mus. Vienna).

134 SYNONYMY.

Heterocentrotus trigonarius

Gualteri, 1742. Index Test., PL CVIII.f. Ii.

Seba, 1758. 'Ihes., III. PL XUI.f. 4, copied in Ene. Meth., PL CXXXJX.f. 2.

Cidaris mammillata ! Klein, 1732. Nat. Disp. Ech.. PL VI. f. C, D. (pars.)
Echinus trigonarius ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, ]). 51.

" trigonarius I Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. Nat. O., p. 98.
Echinometra trigonaria ! Blainv. 1834. Aetin., p. 225.
» " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., ]>. 23.

« " ! Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 266.

» " ! Mich. 1845. Rev. Mag. Zobl., p. 12. Isle de France.

Heterocentrotus trigonarius BRANDT, 1S35. Prod., p. 266.

Acrocladia trigonaria] Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 373. Salomon Islands.
» » ! Du.j. IIumS, 1862. Echin., p. 639.

" " I A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. Kingsmills Islands.

« " ! Stewart, 1865. Trails. Lin. Sou., XXV. PL L.f. 6.

" " ! M.vur. 1866. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 167.

! Perkier, 1869. P&lic, p. 164, PL VI. f. 4 a-c,f.6 b .

Carpent. 1870. Month. Mic. .1, PL A7./.Y.

//. i. rocentrus trigonarius Mull. 1854. Ban d. Ech., p. 8.
Echinus cariuatus ! Blainv. 1825. D. S. N. O., p. 98. (pars.)
Echinometra carinata\ Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 225. (pars.)
» " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 22. (pars.)

» - Deshl. 1837. Syn., p. 264. (pars.)

Blainvillii DeSML. 1837. Syn., p. 264. (pars.)
Acrocladia Blainvillei ' AG 16S. L846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nal , VI. p. 374. (pars.)

" Blainvillei I Duj. HirE", 1862. Echin., p. 540. (pars.)

Ech inometra pugiouifera Desml. 1 s : ; 7 . Syn., p. 266.
Acrocladia cuspidata ! A. A<;.\ss. 1863. Bull. M. C. '/■ , I. p. 21. Mauritius.

" violaceaX Perkier, 1869. Piidic., p. 163, PL Vl.f. S",b,c,d.
Echinometra violacea ! Blainv. M.S. (Mus. Paris.)

" depressa ! Blainv. MS. (Mus. Paris.) (pars.)

Acrocladia yanthiua Mich. MS. (Ecol. Min.)
" subviridis Mini. MS. (Ecol. Min.)

•Mauritius (Pike) ; *Society Islands, *Sandwich Islands, 'PaumotU Islands, *Kin^sniills Islands,
(Garrett); *Tonga Tabu (U. S. Ex. Exp., Smiihson. Coll.); Feejee Islands! (Smithson. Coll.);
Salomon Islands! Madagascar! (J. d. I'.); Ellice Islands! (Mus. Godefl'.) ; New Caledonia!
(Crosse) ; Java (Martens) ; Bourbon ! (Ecol. Min.).

HIPPONOE.

Cidaris Klein, 1734. Nat. Disp. Ech. (pars.)
Echinus Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, (pars.)
Hipponoe' Gray, 1840. Syn. Brit. Mus.
Tripneustes AgASS. 1841. Int. Mon. Scut.
Tripneustes Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI.
Heliechinus GlR. 1850. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.

Hipponoe depressa

Tripneustes depressus ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 24. Guaymas.
" depressus Verrii.l, 1867. Notes Radiata, p. 375. La Paz.

" " ! Verrii.l, 1869. Proc. Bost. Soc N. H., p. 384.

" ! Vkhrii.l, 1871. Notes Radiata, p. 584.

*La Paz (Pedersen, Yale Coll.) ; *Atlata (Salmin) ; *Gulf of California (Pedersen, Yale
Coll.) ; Guaymas ! (Smitbson. Coll.).

SYNONYMY. 135

Hipponoe esculenta

SLOANE, 1 725. Jam., PL CCXLI1. f. 1, 2.

Cidaris miliaris esculenta ! Klein, 1 734. PL 1. f. A, B.
Cidaris esculenta (Leske) 1778. Kl. Add., PL I. f. A, B (non Rumpii).
Echinus ventricosus ! Lamk. 1S1G. An. s. Vert., p. 44.
" ventricosusl Blainv. 1825. Diet. Soc. N. O., p. 91.
" " ! Blainv. 1834. Ac-tin., p. 229.

" " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 23.

" " Desml. 1837. Syn.p. 28G.

fine. Meth., PL CXXXII.f. 2, 3, copied from Klein.
Tripneustes ventricosusl Agass. 1841. Int. Mon. Scut.

Tripneustes ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. N , VII. p. 3G3. Martinique. Yucatan.

" " ! Duj. Hupe", 1862. Hjchin., p. 533.

" " ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 24. Florida.

" " ! Lutk. 18G4. Bid., p. 95. W. Indies.

" " ! Perrier, 1869. P^dic, p. 154, PL V.f. 4 a-d.

Heliechinus Gouldii ! Gir. 1850. Proc Boston Soc. N. H., p. 3G4.

♦West Indies, Jamaica (Adams) ; *Hayti (Weinland, Uhler) ; *Cumana (Couthouy) ; *St.
Thomas (Allen, Thayer Exp.); ♦Cuba; *Florida (Wiirdeman) ; Cape Florida (Holder, Mills,
Woodbury) ; *Tortugas (Agassiz, Pourtale-) ; *Bermudas (Hammond) ; *Nassau (Shaw) ; ♦Ba-
hamas (Bryant) ; ♦Key West (Pickering); ♦Florida Reef (Pourtales) ; Cuba! (Arango) ; Mar-
tinique! Yucatan! (J. d. P.); Surinam! (Mus. Copenh.).

Hipponoe variegata

Echinus esculent us RuMPn, 1705. Amb. Rar. Kam.

Cidaris assulata Klein, 1734. Nat. Disp. Ecbin., PL IX. f. A, B.

" " variegata ! Klein, 1 734. Nat. Disp. Eeh., PL X.f. B, C.

Cidaris variegata Leske, 17 78. Kl. Add., p. 85, PL X.f. B, C.
" sardica Leske, 1778. Kl. Add., p. 14G, PL IX. f. A, B.
Echinus sardicus\ Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 45.
" ! Blainv. 1834. Ac-tin., p. 229.
" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 284.

Tripneustes sardicusl Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 363. Seychelles. Bombay.
" " ! Duj. HupE", 1862. Echin., p. 533.

" ! Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 160. Timor, Flores.
Hipponoe sardica Gray, 1855. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 36.

A. Agass. 1863. Bull M. C. Z., I. p. 24. Zanzibar.

Cidaris angulosa\ Klein, 1734. Nat. Disp. Ech., PL II. f. F. (pars.)

Cidaris angulosa Leske, 1778. Kl. Add., PL II. f. F.
Echinus angulosus\ Blainv. 1825. D. S. N. O., p. 93.

" " ! Blainv. 1834. Actin , p 229.

Tripneustes " 1 Duj. HupE", 1862. Ecbin., p. 533.

Echinus pentagonus ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 46.
" pentagonus Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 288.

" ! Mich. 1845. Rev. Mag. Z., p. 9. Isle de France.
Tripneustes " ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 363.
Echinus subcoeruleus ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, p. 49. So. Pacific.
" subcoeruleusl Blainv. 1825. D. S. N. O., p. 92.
" " ! Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 229.

" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 288.

Tripneustes " ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 363. Zanzibar.

! Duj. HupE\ 1862. Echin., p. 534.
! Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p. 155., PI. V.f. 5" , c.
Echinus fasciatus ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 45. Isle de France.
" fasciatus'. Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 229, PL XX. f. 4.

13G SYNONYMY.

Hipponoe variegata {continued).

Echinus fasciatus Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 288.

" " ! Mich. 1845. Rev. Mag. ZoSI., p. 9.

Tripneustes " ! Duj. Herri, 1862. Echin., p. 533.
Echinus virgatus ! ?LaMK. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 44.
" virgatus Blainv. 1834. Aclin., p. 229.
" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 286.

" inflatus ! Blainv. 1825. Diet Sc. N. O., p. 91.
" Peronii! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. N. ()., p. 92.
" Peronii'. Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 229.
" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 228.

Tripneustes Peronii\ Perkier, 18ti:i. Echin., p. 157.

" bicolor ! Val. PerR., 1869. Pedic., p. 156, PL V.f. a, b, c.

" fuscus ! Mich. 1862. Maillard, Bourbon Annex. A, p. 5. Bourbon.

" zigzag ! Mich. 1862. Maii.lard, Bourbon Annex. A, p. 5. Bourbon.

Hipponoe violacea ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., 1. p. 21. Sandwich ami Kingsinills Islands.
" violacea I A. Agass. 1863. Proc. A. N. S. Phila., p. 358. Japan. Loo Cboo.
" nigricans ! A. Agass 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 24. Society Islands.
Tripneustes Senkenbergianus Trosch. MS. (Mus. Frankt't).

♦Sandwich, *King8mill8, "Society Islands (Garrett); ♦Ousima (W. Stimpson, Smithson. Coll.);
♦Indian Ocean; *Tor, Bed Sea (Mus. Vienna); "Zanzibar (Cheney); "Mozambique (Cook);
♦Mauritius (Pike) ; Bombay ! Seychelles (J. d. P.) ; Nikobar! Amboina! (Mus. Copenli.) ; Samoa!
(Ac. N. S. Phila.); Timor, Floies. Batyang, Moluccas (Martens); Reef of Omaga (Brit. Mus.) ;
Philippine Islands! (Semper); Feejee Islands! Pelew Island-! (Mus. Godell'.).

(AMBLYPNEUSTES.) Holopxeustes.

Holopneustes Agass. 181 1. Anat. Genre Ech., Val.
Holopneuslet Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI.
Amblyjmeustes Lutk. 1864. Bid. (pars.)

Holopneustes inflatus

Amblypneustes inflatus Lutk. MS. 1872, in A. Ac. ass. Hull. M. ('. Z., III. p. 18. Australia.
Holopneustes inflatus A. Agass. 1872. Bull M C. Z., 111. p. 18.

♦M. C. Z. ; New Holland ! (Mus. Copenli.).

Holopneustes porosissimus

Ciilaris granulata I (Ag.) 1841. Int. Monog. An. Eeh., Val. (non Leske).
Holopneustes granulatus'. Agass. 1841. Int. Monog. An. Ech., Val. (non Leske).
Holopnt ustes porosissimus ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 364, PI. XV. f. 16.
" porosissimus ! Duj. Hurf, 1862. Echin., p. 536.

♦M. C. Z., Australia (J. d. P.).
Holopneustes purpurescens

A mbh/pneustes purpurescens Lctk. MS. 1872. in A. Agass. Bull. M. C. Z., III. Australia
Holopneustes purpurescens A. Agass. 1872. Bull. M. C. Z., III.

♦Hobart Town (Hamburg Mus.) : ♦Australia, Murray Riv. ! W. Australia (Brit. Mus.).

SYNONYMY. 13"

HOMOLAMPAS.

Lissmotas (A. Agass.) 1869. Bull. M. C. Z. (non Schonh. 181 7 )
Homolampas.

Homolampas fragilis

Lissonolus fragilis ! A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I. 273. Straits of Florida.

*Off Bocea grande, 368 fins., *off Carysfort Reef, 320 fins. (Pourtales) ; Josephine Bk ! 500 -
GOO fms. (Mus. Stockholm).

LAGANUM.

Laganum Klein, 1734. Nat. Disp. Ech.
EcMnodiscus Leske, 1778. Kl. Addit. (pars.)
Echinus Gmel. 1788. Syst. Nat. (pars.)
Clypeaster Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, (pars.)
Scutella Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, (pars.)
Lagana Blainv. 1827. Diet. Sc. Nat.
Laganum Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut.

Laganum Bonani

? Rumph, 1 705. Amb. Rar. Kam., PL XI V. f. E. Amboina.

Gualteri, 1742. Index Test., PL CX.f. C.

Echinus planus Seba, 1758. Thes., III. PL XV. f. 25, 26.

Laganum Bonani ! Klein, 1 734. Nat. Disp. Feb., PL XXII. f. a, b.

Laganum Bonani ! Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut., p. 108, PL XXII. f. 25-29 . PL XXIII. f. 8-12.

New Guinea. Vanikoro.
" " ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 132.

" " ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 12. Philippine Islands. Siguigor.

" '• ! Desor, 1855. Synop. Ech., PL XXVII. f. 29, SO.

! Duj. Hui'lS, 1862. Eehin., p. 560.
" •' Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 172. Java. Timor. Molucca.

" Edw. in Cuv. Reg. An. Ed. 111., PL XVI. f. 2.
Echinodiscm laganum Lkske, 17 78. Kl. Add., PL XXII. f. a, b.
Echinus laganum Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst. Nat., 3190.
Clypeaster laganum ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, p. 15.
Lagana " ! Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil.

Lagana " ! Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 215.

Scutella " ! Blainv. 1827. D. S. N, Art. Scut, p. 229..

! Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 230.
Lagana minor ! Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 6

*Tasmania (Liverpool Mus.); *Amboina (J. d. P.); New Guinea! Vanikoro! Australia!
(J. d. P.); Siguigor! (Brit. Mus.); Philippine Islands! (Semper); Pelew Islands! (Mus.
Godeff.) ; Java, Amboina, Molucca (Martens).

138 SYNONYMY.

Laganum depiessum

Laganum depressum ! Less. 1N4I. Agass. Mon. Scut, p. 110, PI. XXIlI.f. 1-7. Moluccas.
" depressum. ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat , VII. p. 132.

" " ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 10. Australia. Philippine Islands. Mauritius.

" " ! Duj. Hupe\ 1862. Echin., p. 560.

" ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 2G. Kingsmills Islands.
" " ! Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 193. China. Makao.

" Tongauense! Quoy et Gaim. 1841. Agass. Mon Scut, p. 114, PL XXVI. f. 7-19.

Tonga. New Guinea. Vanikoro.
Tonyanense ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 132.
" " ! Duj. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 560.

" ellipticum ! AGABS. 1841. Mon. Scut., p. Ill, PL XXIII. f. 13-15.
" ellipticum I Cray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 12.
" " I Duj. Hurt, 1862. Echin., p. 560.

attenuatum ! AGABS. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 132. Red Sea. Persian Gulf.
" attenuatum*. Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 10.

" cingulatum! Agass. 184 7. C. II. Ann. Sc. Nat, VII. p. 133. Salomon Islands.
" cingulatum] Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 11.
" scuti/ormel Duj. Iluprf. 1862. Echin., p. 560.
Lagana depressa ! Licss. MS. (Mus. Paris.)

" Tonganense ! Quoy ct Gaim. MS. (Mus. Paris.)

•Kingsmills Islands (Garrett); Tonga! Amboina! New Guinea! Buru ! Moluccas! Vanikoro!
Salomon Islands! (J. d. P.); Salerno (Gray); Zanzibar! (.1. d. P., Mus. Copenh.) ; *Sandwich
[stands (Pease); *So. Pacific; New Caledonia! (Crosse); Persian Gulf! Waigiou ! Madagascar,
Nos-Be! Darnley Islands! Australia! Siguigor ! Mauritius! (Brit. Mus.); Philippine Islands!
(Semper) ; Feejee Islands! (Mus. GodefF.) ; Makao (Martens).

Laganum Putnami

Lagamim Putnami ! Barn. 1863, in Ac. Proc. Ac. N. S. Phil., p. 359. Ousima.

*Ousima (W. Stimpson, Smithson. Coll.) ; * Japan (Salmin).

LINTHIA.

Denoria (Gray), 1851. Ann. Mag. N. II.. VII. p. 182 (nun Agass. 1841).

Linthia Mf.ii. 1S53, in DrB. Act. Soc. Uelv.

Epiaster D'ORBIG. 1854. Pal. Franc. Terr, cre't (pars.)

Linthia australis

/'. toria australis ! Gray, 1851. Ann. Mag. N. II., VII. p. 132. Flinder's Island.
" awtrahsl Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Echin., p. 58, /'/. VI. f. 2. Van Diemen.
" nodosa ! Verrill, 1869. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. II., XII. p. 382.

♦Tasmania (B. M. Wright) ; *Australia ; Flinder's Island ! (Brit. Mus.).

SYNONYMY. 139

LOVENIA.

Spatangus Gray, 1845. Eyre, Voyage Discovery, I.
Lovenia Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat , VIII.

Lovenia cordiformis

Lovenia cordiformis I Lutk. MS. 1872. A. Agass. Bull. M. C. Z, III. San Diego. Guaymas.
" Americana ! A. Agass. MS. (M. C. Z.)

♦Guaymas, Gulf of California (Stone) ; San Diego ! (Cassidy, Smithson. Coll.) ; Guayaquil !

(Mus. Copenh.).

Lovenia elongata

Aldouin in Savigny, Egypte, Zooph., PL VII. f. 4.

Spatangus elongatus Gray, 1845, in Ey-re, Voy., I. p. 436, PL VI. f. 2. Australia.
Lovenia elongata\ Gray, 1851. Ann. Mag. N. H., p. 131. Port Western.

" ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ecbin., p. 45.
Lovenia hystrix ! Des. 1847. Ag. C. R. Ann. Se. Nat., VIII. p. 11, PL XVI. f. 16. Red Sea.
Lovenia hystrix \ Gray', 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 45.

" ! Duj. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 606, PL IX. f. 11.

*Red Sea; *Zanzibar (Webb, Cheney, Cook); Port Essington, W. Australia! (Brit. Mus.);
Philippine Islands! (Semper).

Lovenia subcarinata

Spatangus subcarinatus Gray - , 1845. Ey - re, Voyage, I. p. 436. Philippine Islands.
Lovenia subcarinata ! Gray, 1851. Ann. Mag. N. H., p. 131.

" ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 45, PL V.f. 3. Luzon.

" ! A. Agass. 1863. Proc. Ac. N. S. Phila., p. 360.
" triangularis! A. Agass. 1863. Proc. A. N. S. Phila., p. 360. Kagosima.

*China Seas (Salmin) ; Kagosima Bay! Hong Kong! (W. Stimpson, Smithson. Coll.); Philip-
pine Islands, Luzon ! (Brit. Mus., Semper) ; Honolulu ! (Stockholm Mus.).

(SPATANGUS.) Maretia.

Spatangus Leske, 1778. Kl. Addit. (pars.)
" LamK. 1816. An. s. Vert, (pars)

Maretia Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Echin.
Hemipatagus Mich. 1862. Maillard Bourbon, An. A.
Lovenia Perrier, 1869. Pe'dic. (pars.)
Hemipatagus Des. 1858. Syn. Ech. foss.
Thrichoproctus Agass. MS. (M. C. Z.)
Plagiopatagus Lutk. MS. in lift.

Maretia alta

Maretia alta ! A. Agass. 1863. Proc. Ac. N. S. Phil., p. 360. Kagosima.
*Kagosima Bay (W. Stimpson, Smithson. Coll.) ; # Formosa (Mus. Godeff.).

140 SYNONYMY.

Maretia planulata

Sera, 17-25. Thes., III. PL XV. f. 87, S8, copied in E. M., PL CLIX.f. 5, a.

Spatangus ovatua Leske, 177s. Kl. Add., PL XLIX.f. I.', IS (non Lamk. nee Klein).
" plauulatus ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, p. 31. So. Pacific.
" plcmulatusl Blainv. 1825. Diet. S. N.. L. p. 91.
" " ! A.; ass. 1836. Prod., p 17.

Dksml. 1837. Syn., p. 378.
« " ! Mich. 1845. Rev Meg. Zool., p. 9. Isle da France.

! AGASS. 1847. C. H. Am.. Sc Nat., VIII. p. 7. Java. Waigiou.
I Du.J. H.uv£, 1862. Echin., p. G08.
'• " MART. 1866. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 180. Molucca.

! Mart. 1867. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 113, PI III./. 4-
I Perrier, 1869. Pedic., p. 180, PL VII. f. 7 a, e.
Maretia pin n ulata I Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Echin., p. 18. Masbate. Borneo.
Maretia " I A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 27. Kingsmills Islands.

//. mipatagus mascareignanim ! Mich. 1862. Maixlard, Bourbon An. A, p. 6, PLXVI.f.S.

Bourbon.
Mm; tin variegata ! Gray, 18i;i;. Proc. Zobl. Soc. Lond., p. 1 70, /^
Lovenia quadrimaculata 1 Y.U.. I860, in Pekrier, I'ecT.c., p. 178.
Thrichoproctus teuuis ! AGASS. MS. Mus. Comp. Zool.
Plagiopatagus variegalus\ LUtk. MS. in I.itt.

*Waigiouj *Kingsmills Islands (Garrett) ; *China Seas, *,Iava (Liverpool Mus.); *Bourbon
(Maillard, Cotteau) ; *Siarn (Salmin) ; *New Caledonia (Crosse); Masbate! Borneo! (Brit.
Mils.) ; Philippine Islands (Semper); Banca Straits ! (Salmin); Molucca (Martens).

MELLITA.

Mellita Klein, 1 734. Nat Disp. Eeb. (pars.)
Echinodiscus Leske, 1788. Kl. Addit (pars.)
Clypeasler Lamk. 1816. An. -. Vert, (par-)
Scutella Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, (pars.)
Mellita Agass. -1841. Monog. Scot.
Leodia Gray, 1851. Proc. Zool. Son. London.
Encopi Agass. 1841. Mon. Sent, (pars.)
Echinoglycus Gray, 1855. Cat l!cc. Ecli. (pars.)

MeUita erythrea

Mellita erythrea '. Gray, 1851. P. Z. S. I... p. 86. Red Sea
" sp !• A. Agass. 1863. Proc. A. N. S. Phil., p. 359.

Red Sea ! (J. d. P. Brit. Mus.).

MeUita longifissa

.1/. Uita longifissa ! Mini. 1858. R M. Z . No. 8.

" longifissa ! Dim. Hufb*, 1862. Ecliin., p. 667, PI. IX. f. P,.

" ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. ('. Z.. I. p. 26. Panama.

" " ! Veriull, 1869. Proc. N. II. S. Boston, p. 883. Nicaragua.

" " ! VeRRILL, 1871. Notes Kailiata, ]>. 588. La Paz.

♦Panama (Adams, Maack) ; *Acapulco (A. Agassi z) ; La Paz! Acajutla! (Yale Coll.).

SYNONYMY. 141

Mellita pacifica

Mellita pacifica ! Vkrrill, 1867. Notes on Radiata, p. 313. Zorritos.

Zorritos, Peru ! (Yale Coll.).

Mellita sexforis

Seba, 1758. Thes., III. PI. XV. f. 7, S.

Kxorr, 1771. Delic, PL Dl.f. 17.

Echinodiscus sexiesperforatus Leske, 1778. Kl. Add., p. 135, PI. L. f. 3,4, copied in Enc.

Meth., PL CXLlX.f.1,2.
Echinus hexaporus Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst. N., -3189.
Sculella he.vapora\ Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 219.
! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 188.
Edw. in Cuv. Reg. An. Ed. 111., PL XV. f. 1.
Scutella sexforis ! Lamk. 181G. An. s. Vert., p. 9. Ocean Iud. et Amerie.
Scutella sexforis I Blainv. 1827. D. S. N. Scut, p. 223.

" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 224.

Mellita hexapora ! Agass. 1841. Mem. Scut., p. 41, PL IV. f. 4- -7; PL lV a . f. 11, IS. Mar-
tinique. Mexico.
" " ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 138.

! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 23. St. Vincent Island.
" " ! Mich. 1858. Rev. Mag. Zool., No. 8.

" " ! Dei. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 566, PL X.f. 11, IS.

!Lutk. 1864. Bid., p. 109, PL 11./. 3. W.Indies.
" similis ! Agass. 1841. Won. Scut., p. 43, PL IV. f. 1-3. Porto Rico.
" simihs! Mich. 1858. Rev. Mag. Zool., No. 8.
" ! DuJ. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 567.
? Sculella caroliniana! Rav. 1842. J. Ac. N. S. Pbila., p. 333.
? Mellita carolinianal McCrady, 1857. Plio. Foss. So. Ca., PL V. f. 4.
Leodia Richardsonii! Gray, 1851. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 36.
Leodia Richardsonii I Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 19.

*West Indies; *Charleston, S. C. ; *Bennudas (Hill); *Florida, *Cuba (Arango) ; *Rehecca
Shoal, 11 fms., *Double Head Shot Key, 4-G fms., *Salt Key, *off Cherura, 270 fnis. (Pour-
tales); Martinique! Mexico! Porto Rico! St. Vincent! (Brit. Mus.).

Mellita Stokesii

Encope Stokesii ! Agass. 1841. Mon Scut, p. 59, PL VI".f. 1-8. Galapagos-
" Stokesii] Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 137. Guayaquil.

" ! Du.J. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 569.
" " ! LiJTK. 1864. Bid., p. 133. Punta Arenas.

Echinoglycus Slokesii\ Gray - , 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 27.

! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 26. Panama.
" " Verrill, 1867. Notes Radiata, p. 312.

*Panama (Adams, Maack, Bradley, Yale Coll.) ; Punta Arenas ! Guayaquil ! Galapagos !
(Mus. Copenh.).

Mellita testudinata

Mellita testudinata! Klein, 1734. Nat. Disp. Ech., PL XXI. /. C, D, copied in Enc. M., PL

CXLIX./. 3, 4.
Mellita tesludinata\ Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut., p. 40, PI. IV. f. 7-9. Vera Cruz.
! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 138.
" " ! Mich. 1858. Rev. Mag. Zool., No. 8.

" ! Du.i. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 566.

GUALTERI, 1742. PL CX./. E.

Seba, 1758. Thes.. III. PL XV.f. 9, 10.

Knorr, 1771. Delic, PL DI./. 1G.

142 SYNONYMY.

Mellita testudinata {continued).

? Echinus orbiculus Linn. 1758. Syst. Nat., Ed. X. p. 6G6.

Echinodiscus quinquiesperforatus ! Leske, 1778. Kl. Add., p. 133, PL XXI. f. C, D.

Echinus pentaporus GMEL. 1788. Linn. Syst. N., 3189.

Clypeaster peataporus ! Lamk. 1801. An. s. Vert., p. 349.

Scttlella pentaporal Blainv. 1834. Aetin., p. 219.

" " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 188.

Encope " ! Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut., PL III.
Mellita " ! Lutk. 1864. Bid., p. 107.

Scutella quinquefora ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 9.
Sculella quinquefora ! Blainv. 1827. D. S. N. Scut., p. 223.

! DE8ML. 1837. Syn., p. 224.
Mellita " ! Agass. 1841. Mon Scut., p. 36, /'/. III. So. Carolina. Porto Rico.

" " ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VII. p. 138. Cuba.

'• " Mich. 1858. Rev. Mag. Zodl., No. 8.

" " ! Bronn, 1859. Kl. u. Ord. Actin, PIXXXIX.f. 16.

" ! Dim. Hurf, 1862. Echin., p. 566.

? " amplal Holmes, 1848. in Rat. Ech, So. Carolina.
? " ampla ! Holmes, i860. Post. PI. Foss. So. Ca., PL l.f. 6.
" testudiuaria Gray, 1851. Proc. Zodl. Sue. Lond
" tea tu dine a ! Cray, 1855. Cat. Rec Ech., p. 22. Brazil.

*Itabapuana, *Rio Doce (Ilartt, Copeland, Thayer Exp.) ; *Maranhao (Agassiz, Thayer Exp.) ;
*Cuinann, Venez. (Couthouy) ; *Jamaica (Adams); Cuba! (Arango) ; Porto Rico! Vera Cruz!
(J. d. P.) ; *Te.\as (Stolley) ; *Captiva Key, *Key Biscayne, Ela. (Wilrdeman) ; *Amelia Island,
Fla. (Scodder) ; *Florida, 7 fins. (Pourtnles) ; "Savannah, *Charleston, S. C, Nantucket!
(Agassiz); *Beaufort, N. C. (Stimpson, Bickiuore) ; *IIogg Island, Va. (Stimpsoo); Vineyard
Sound (Verrill).

(BRISSUS.) Meoma.

Spalangus Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, (pars.)

Brissus Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil, (pars.)

Schizaster D'Orbig. 1847. Agass. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat. VIII.

Meoma Gray, 1851. Ann Mag. X. H. VII.

Periaster Doj. Iln-E*, 1862. Echin. (pais.)

Kleinia A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. '/.., I

Rhyssobrissus A. Aoa>s. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I.

Hemibrissus PoHEL, 1869. Revue des Eelnnod.

Breijnia Perrikr, 1869. Pedii'. (pars.)

Meoma grandis

Meoma grandis ! Gkay, 1851. Ann. Mag. N. H., VII. p. 132. Australia??
Meoma grandis ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Echin., p. 56, /'/. V.f. S.

" nigra ! Vkrrill, 186 7. Notes Radiata, p. ::i 7.

" " Verrill, 1871. Notes Radiata. La Paz. Golf of California.
KI, inia nigra ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 27. Acapuleo.
Rhyssobrissus niger) A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 27.
Breynia nigra ! Perrier, 1869. Pe'dic, p. 174.

*Acapulco (Van Brunt, A. Agassiz) ; La Paz ! (Yale Coll.) ; *Gulf of California (Stone) ;
♦Mexican coast; Cape St. Lucas! (Xanthus, Suiithson. Coll.).

SYNONYMY. 143

Meoma ventricosa

Spatangus ventricosus ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, p. 29. Antilles.

" ventricosus Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 203.

Brissus " ! Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 9.

» " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 184.

» " ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat. VIII., p. 13.

" " ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Ree. Ecu., p. 54.

" " ! Duj. Hup£, 1862. Echin., p. 605.

Meoma ventricosa ! Lutk. 1864. Bid., p. 120.

Schizaster cubensis ! D'Orbig. 1847, in Agass. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VIII. p. 22 (non A. Agass.).
Periaster cubensis\ D'Orbig. 1854. Pal. fr., p. 270.
Brissus panis ! Grube, 1857. Wieg. Arch., p. 344.

" panis! Grube, 1857. Nov. Act., p. 4 7, PL III. f. 5, 6.

" spatiosus McCrady, 1857. Plio. foss. So. Ca., p. 8, PL lll.f. 1.
Hemibrissus ventricosus Pomel, 1869. Rev. d. Ecbinod., p. XIII.

*W. Indies ; *Florida Reef, *Tortugas, *off Tennessee Reef, 85, 115 fins. (Pourtales) ; Honduras
(Mus. Copenh.) ; Guadeloupe ! (J. d. P.).

MESPILIA.

Cidaris Klein, 1 734. Nat. Disp. Echin. (pars.)

Echinus Linn. 1758. Syst. Nat. (pars.)

Microcyphus Agass. 1841. Introd. Monog. Scut, (non Agass. 1846).

Mespilia Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat. VI.

Mespilia globulus

Cidaris ass ulala granulata Klein, 1734. Nat. Disp. Ech., PL X.f. E, F.
Cidaris granulata Leske, 1778. PL X.f E, F.
Echinus globulus Linn. 1758. Syst. Nat. Ed. X.

" globulus Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst. N.

" " ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. N. O., p. 82.

" ! Enc. Me"th. PL CXLII.f. 1, 2.

" " Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 227.

" " Desjil. 1837. Syn., p. 274.

Mespilia " ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 358, PL XV.f. 17. Tonga Tabu.
Mespilia " ! Duj. HupE", 1862. Echin., p. 517.

" " ! A. Agass. 1863. Proc. A. N. S. Phila., p. 358. Ousima.

" " ! Stewart, 1865. Trans. Lin. Soc, XXV. PL L.f. S.

Echinus versicolor ! Val. 1841, in Agass. Monog. Scut., p. 7.
Microcyphus versicolor] Agass. 1841. Monog. Scut., p. 7.
Microcyphus " ! Du.i. HupE", 1862. Echin., p. 517.

Mespilia Verrauxi ! Mich. MS. (Ecol. Min.)

♦Ousima (Stimpson, Smithson. Coll.); *Tonga Tabu; *Samoa (Mus. Godeff.) ; China! (Mus.
Copen.) ; Philippine Islands ! (Semper) ; Sandwich Islands ! (Mus. Godeff.).

144 SYNONYMY.

(BRISSUS.) Metalia.

Spatangus Kl.EIN, 1734. Nat. Disp. Echin. (pars.)

Brissus Agass. 1836. Prod, (pars.)

Plagionotus (Agass.) 1847. ('. R. Ann. Sc. Nat , VIII. (nun Mils. 1842).

Metalia Gray, 1855. Cat. Eec. Ech.

Xanthobrissus A. Ac, \<s. 1863. Hull. M. C. Z.

Bryssus Martens, 1SG9. Decken's Keise.

Leiopatagus 1'd.mki., 1869. Int. Rev.

Metalia africana

Plagionotus africanus ! Verrill, 1871. Notes Railiata, p. 569. Sherboro Island. W. Africa.

Sherboro Island! (Yale Coll.).

Metalia maculosa

Rumph. 1705. Ami. Rar. Kam, PL XIV. f. I. Amboina.

Gualtrri, 174-2. Ind. Test., /'/. ClX.f. A.

SEBA, 1 758. Thos. III. PL X.f. '-', a, b, copied in Ene. Metb., PI. CLVIII.f. 7, S.

Bpatahgva Brissus maculosus angustus.l Ki kin, 1784. Nat. Disp. Ech., PI. XXIV. f. A, /•'.
Spatangus " " Leske, 1778. Klein, Add., PL XXIV. f. A, B. (pars.)

Echinus maculosus Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst N., 3199.
Spatangus maculosus Blainv. 1829. Diet. Sc. Nat., L. p. 92.
" " Di smi.. 1837. Syn., p. 382.

Brissus " Mart. 18CG. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 181.

Spatangus compressus ! Lam. 181G. An. s. Vert., p. 30. Isle de Fiance.
Spatangus compressus DfiSML ls:!7. Syn., ]i. 388.

Brissus compressus ! Aqass. is:tii. Prod., p 18.

" " ! Mich. 1845. Rev. Mag. Zool., p. 7.

" '• ! AG \ss. 1847. C. K. Ann. Sc. Nat., VIII. p. 13.

! Gray, 1855. Cat. R. Ech., p
! Du.j. HupiS, 18G2. Echin., p 606.
" " I Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 183. Mozambique.

Metalia nobiiis 1 Verrill, 1867. Notes Radiata, p. 319. Cape St. Lucas. Panama.

" nobiiis ! Verrill, 1871. Not^s Radiata, p. 591.
Plagionotus nobiiis ! A. A., 188. 1869. Bull. M. ('. /., I. p. 302. • •

" timorensis MlCH. MS. (Ecol. Min .).

*Sainoa (Mus. GodefT.) ; *Sandwicb, Kingsmills, and Society Islands (Garrett); Pliilippine
Islands ! (Semper) ; Timor, Flores, New Holland (Martens) ; Isle de France ! Bourbon ! (J. d. P.) ;
Panama ! (Bradley, Yale Coll.) ; Cape St. Lucas! (Smitlison. Coll.).

Metalia pectoralis

Echinanthus maximus Seba, 1758. Tbes.. III. PL XIV. f. 5, G, copied in Enc. Meth , PL

CLIX.f.2,S.
Echinus grandis Gmel. 1 78s. Linn. Syst N.
Spatangus pectoralis I Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 29.
" pectoralis DesLonG. 1Si>4. E. M., II. p. 686.

! Blainv. 1829. Diet. Se. N., L. p. 88.
" " ! Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 203.

Dksml. 1837. Syn., p. 380.
Brissus " ! Agass. 1836. Prod, p. 184.

Plagionotus pectoralis \ Agass 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VIII. p. 13, PL XVI. f. 15. Mexico.

Bahia.

SYNONYMY. 145

Met alia pectoralis (rout timed).

Plagionotus pecloralis I Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 50.

" " ! Du.i. Hupg, 1862. Echin., p. GOG.

" " ! Lutk. 1864. Bid., p. 122.

« " ! A. Ac; ass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 275. Straits of Florida.

" " ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p. 178.

" " ! Verrill, 1871. Notes Radiata, p. 571.

Eupatagus " D'Arch. Haime, 1854. An. foss. Inde, p. 217.

Plagionotus Desorii ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Echin., p. 51.

" Desorii \ Du.r. HupiS, 1862. Echin., p. 606.

" " ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p. 178.

" ? Holmesii McCkady, 1857 Plioc. foss. So. Ca., p 9, PL Ill.f. 2.

" Ravenellianus McCrady, 1857. Plioc. foss. So. Ca., p. 9, PI. Ill.f. 3.

*Tampa Bay (TV. Stimpson) ; *W. India Islands; Mexico! (Mus. Copenh.) ; Littoral, fragments
115 fins. Florida Gulf Stream (Pourtales).

Metalia sternalis

Spatangus Brissusmaculosusventricosusl Klein, 1734. Nat. Disp. Ech., PI. XXVI. f. A.
Spatangus " " Leske, 1778. Kl. Add., PL XXVI. f. A. (pars.)

Gualteri, 1742. Inch Test., PI. CIX.f.B; PI. CV Ill.f. G.

Spatangus sternalis ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 31. So. Pacific.
" sternalis Desml. 1837. Syn., p 388.
" " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 184.

Brussus " ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VIII., p. 13.

" ! Duj. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 605.

" " ! Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 182. Red Sea.

Bryssus " ! Mart. 1869. Decken's Reise, p. 128, PL I.f. 1. Zanzibar.
Metalia " Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 51. Mauritius.

Brissus bicinctus ! Val. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VIII. p. 13. Red Sea.

" bicinctus\ Gray, 1855. Cat Rec. Ech., p. 55.

" " ! Duj. Hup^, 1862. Echin., p. 605.

" areolatus ! Val. 1847 in Agass. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VIII. p. 13. So. Pacific.

" areolatusl Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 53.

" " ! Duj. Hupe', 1862. Echin., p. 606.

Xanthobrissus Garetti ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 28. Kingsmills Islands.
Metalia Garetti ! Verrill, 1867. Notes lladiata.

*Sandwich, *Kingsmills, *Society Islands (Garrett) ; *Samoa Islands (Mus. Godeff.) ; *Mau-
ritius (Pike); *Zanzibar (Cheney); South Sea! Isle de France! Bourbon! (J. d. P.); Raines'
Inlet! Port Essington ! Reef Attagor! Luzon! Osmaga! (Brit. Mus.); Timor, Flores, New Hol-
land (Martens); Philippine Islands! (Semper); New Caledonia ! (Crosse); *Red Sea; Siam !
(Bonn Mus.) ; Upolu ! (Mus. Godeff.).

MICROCYPHUS.

Cidaris Klein, 1734. Nat. Disp. Ech. (pars.)

Microcyphus Agass. 1841. Anat. Genre Ech. (non Agass. 1841, Mon. Scut.), (pars.)

Anthechinus A. Agass. 1863. Proc. A. N. S. Phila.

146 SYNONYMY.

Microcyphns maculatus

Gualteiu. 1 742. Index Test., PL CVIII.f. A.

Microcyphus maculatus ! Agass. 1841. Anat. Genre Ech., p. VIII.

" maculatus I Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 358.

" " ! Duj. HupE", 1862. Echin., p. 517.

Microcyphus Rousseaui ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. PL XV. f. 10. Mascate.

" Kousseaut ! Duj. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 517.

Anthechinus roseus 1 A. Agass. 1863. Proc. Ac. N. S. Phila., p. 358. Japan.

Ousima (Stimpson, Smitlison. Coll.); *Navigator Islands (Hamburg Mus.) ; Mascate! Mayotte
Island ! (J. d. P.) ; Australia ! (Liverpool Mus.) ; Molucca (Martens).

Microcyphus zigzag

1 Cidaris bothryoides Ki.kin, 1734. Nat. Disp. Ech., PL XI. f. II (non Agass. P. both.).
Microcyphus zigzag! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 358.
" zigzag ! Duj. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 517.

•Philippine Islands; *New Holland (Hamburg Mus.); West Australia! Tasmania! (Brit.
Mus.).

(SCHIZASTER.) Moira.

Spatangus La.mk. 1816. An. s. Vert, (pars.)

Echinocardium GbaT, 1825. Ann. Phil, (pars)

Schizaster Agass. 1836. Prod, (pars.)

Moera (Mich.) L855. Rev. Mag. Zool. non Leach nee IIubn.

Moira.

Moira atropos

KnoRR, 1771. Delic, PL DHL/. S.

Enc. ME"th, PL CLV.f. .-*, //.

Spatangus atropos ! LAMK. 1816. An. s. Vert, p. 32.
" atropo.il Bi.ainv. 1834. Actin., p. 202.
" " DESML. 1837. Syn., p. 384.

Echinocardium atropos \ Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 8.
Schizaster " 1 Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 18.

Schizaster " ! Agass. 1847. C R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VIII. p. 22, PL X VI. f. 10. So.

Carolina.
" " I Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 61.

Moera atropos I Mich 1855. Rev. Mag. Zool., p. 246.
! Dim. HupE", 1862. Echin., p. 603.
! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I.
" ! Lutk. 1864. Bid, p. 55. W. Indies.

" ! A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 206. Straits of Florida.
" " ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p. 1 78.

Schizaster Lachesis ! (im. 1850. Proc. Boston S. X. II , p. 368. Texas.
Moera Lachesisl Mich. 1855. Rev. Mag. Zool.. p. 24 7.
! Des. 1855. Syn. Ech. foss., p. 394.
" " 1 Duj. HupE", 1862. Echin., p. 603.

" ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p. 17S.

*Texas ; *Florida (Wiirdemann) ; *Charleston, S. C. (Agassiz, Gibbes) ; *Beaufort, N. C.
(Bickmore) ; Guadeloupe! (Duehassaiug, J. d. P.); Littoral to 80 fms. Florida Gulf Stream
(Pourtales).

SYNONYMY. 147

Moira clotho

Moera clotho! Mich. 1855. Rev. Map. Zobl., p. 247. Mazatlan.

*Mazatlan (Cotteau) ; Guayanias ! (Mus. Copenh.) ; *Gulf California (Ecol. Min.)

Moira stygia

Moera stygia ! Lutk. MS. 1872, in A. Agass., Bull. M. C. Z., HI. Red Sea.

*Red Sea ; Zanzibar ! (Mus. Copenh.).

NEOLAMPAS.

Neolampas A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I.

Neolampas rostellata

Neolampas rostellatus ! A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 271. Straits of Florida.

*Off Sand Key, Florida, 112 fms., *oflf Samboes, 125 fms. (Pourtales).

(ECHINOBRISSUS.) Nucleolites.

Nucleolkes Edw. 1836. Cuv. Reg. An. Ed. 111.
Echinobrissus Duj. Hup^, 1862. Eebin.
Echinobrissus D'Orbig. 1854. Rev. Mag. Zobl. (pars.)
Nucleolites Desor, 1857. Syn. Ech. foss.
Nucleolus Mart. 1866. Wieg. Archiv.

Nucleolites epigonus

Nucleolites epigonus ! Mart. 1865. Monatsb. Ak. Berlin, Marz., p. 143. Flores.
Nucleolus epigonus] Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch, p. 179.

Mart. 1867. Wieg. Arch., I. PI. III. J. IS.

*M. C. Z. ; Flores, Java, Timor ! (Martens) ; Lord Hood's Island! (Brit. Mus.).

PALEOSTOMA.

Leskia (Gray) 1851. Ann. Mag. N. H., VII (non Rob. Des. 1830.)
Paleostoma Lov^n, 1867. Vetensk. Ak. Forhdl.

Paleostoma mirabilis

Leskia mirabilis ! Gray, 1851. Ann. Mag N. H., VII. p. 134. Luzon.
Leskia viirabilis ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Reo. Ech., p. 63, PL IV. f. 4.

" " Duj. HupiS, 1862. Echin., p. 600.

" " ! A. Agass. 1863. Proc. A. N. S. Phila., p. 360.

Paleostoma mirabilis] Loven, 1867. Vetensk. Ak. Forhdl., No. 5, p. 432,/ 1, 2. Singapore.

*Singapore, Batavia (Kinberg, Mus. Stockh.) ; Hong Kong ! (W. Stimps., Smithson. Coll.) ;
Luzon! (Brit. Mus.).

148 SYNONYMY.

(ECHINOMETRA.) Parasalenia.

Parasalenia A. Ac; ass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I.
Echinometra Lutk. 1864. Bid. (pars.)

Cladosalenia A. Agass. MS.

Parasalenia gratiosa

Parasalenia gratiosa! A. Agass. 18G3. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 22. Kingsmills and Society Isl'ds.
Echinometra arbacia ! Lutk. 1864. Bid., p. 152, l'l. I.f. l>.

♦Kingsmills Islands, *Society Islands (Garrett) ; *Bonin Islands (Stimpson, Smith-on. Coll.) ;
*New Caledonia (Crosse) ; ?New Guinea! (Mus. Copenh.) ; ToDgatabu! (Mus. Godeff.) ; ♦Zanzi-
bar (Cooke) ; *Feejee Islands (Mus. Godeff.).

(LAGANUM.) Peronella.

ScuteUa Blainv. 1827. Diet S. N. Scut (pars.)
Lagana Less. 1884, in Bi.ainv. Actio, (pais.)
Laganum Less. 1841, in Ag iss. Mon, Scut (pars.)
Peronella Gray, 1855. Cat Rec Echin.
Rumphia Dks. 1857. Syn. Ech. fosa
Polyaster Mich. 1859. Roy. Mag. Zool. (non Gbat, 1840).
Michelinia Duj. Hi if;. 1862. fichin. (non Kom. 1842).
Rumphia A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. /..

Peronella decagonalis

Scutella decagonalis ! Less. 1827. Diet. S. Nat. Scut., p. 229.
Lagana decagonal Less. 1884, in Bi.ainv. Actin., p. 215, PL A 17 1 I.f 3.
" decagona] Edw. in Cuv. Reg. An. Ed 111.. /'/. XV. f. 4.
'• •■ Hi -mi., is:::. Syn.. p. 230.

Laganum decagon tint '. Lkss. 1811. Agass. Mon Scut , 112, PL XXI I I.f. 16- '".
I Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VII. p. 182. Waigioa
" " ! Gbat, 1855. Cat. Ech., p. 12.

! Duj. Hi ik. 1862. Ech., p. 5G0.
" " I Martens, 1866. Wieg. Arch., p. 173. Makao.

Laganum Lesueuri Val. 1841, in AGASS. Mon. Scut., p. 116. /'/. XXIV. f. 3-6-
Lesueuri\ Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat.. VII. p. 132.
! Gray, 1855. Cat Rec. Ech., p. 9. China.
" ! Dim. Hite". 18G2. Echin., p. 560.
Rumphia " I A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 25. Hong Kong.
Polyaster elegans 1 Mich. 1859. Rev. Mag. Zool., No. 9, PI XIV. f. I.
Michelinia elegans \ Dlm. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 561.

Laganum elongatum AGASS. 1841. Mon. Scul . p. 117, PL XXIV.f. I, ~.
" elongatum Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 132.
" " Dim. Hi-rE", 1862. Echin., p. 560.

" australe ! Cray, MS., (Brit. Mus.)

*Hong Kong (Putnam) ; *New Caledonia (Crosse); Australia! Freemantle Bay! (Brit. Mus.) ;
Japan! (Mus. Copenh.); Gnsp.tr Straits ! 12 fins. (Liverpool Mus.); Philippine Islands! (Sem-
per); Bay of Bengal! (Berlin Mus.).

SYNONYMY. 149

Peronella orbicularis

Breyn. 1732. PL VI. f 1, 2.

Laganum Schynovetti Klein, 1 734. Nat. Disp. Ech., p. 1 25.

Gualteri, 1742. PL CX.f. B, copied in Enc. Meth., PL CXLYII.f. 1,2.

Echinodiscus orbicularis Leske, 1778. Kl. Add., p. 144, PL XLV.J. 6, 7.
" orbicularis Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 11.

" " Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 218.

Echinus " Gm el. 1788. Syst. Nat.

Laganum orbiculare I Ac ass. 1841. Mon. Scut,, p. 120, PI. XXII. f. 16-20 (non Sc. orbic.

IiAMK.). Batavia.
« >< ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc Nat,, VII. p. 132.

" » I Gray, 1855. Cat, Rcc. Ech., p. 11.

« " ! Duj. Hupe', 1862. Echin., p. 5G0.

" marginale ! Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut., p. 121, PL XXII. f. 11-15 (non Cat. Rais.).

*M. C. Z. ; New Holland ! (Mus. Copenh.) ; Formosa ! (Mus. Godeff'.).

Peronella Peronii

Laganum Peronii ! Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut., p. 123, PL XXII. f. 21-2$. So. Pacific.

Peronii! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat,, VII. p. 132.
Peronella " ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 13. New S. Wales.
Rumphia " Des. 1857. Syn. Ech. loss., p. 229.
Rumphia " ! Duj. HupiS, 1862. Echin., p. 561.
Scutella orbicularis! (Lamk.) 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 11 (non Ech. orb. Leske).

" ! Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 232.
Lagana " ! Blainv. 1827. Diet. Sc. N., p. 197 (non Lag. orb. Agassiz).

! Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 215, PL XVIII. f. 2.
Laganum stellatum ! Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut., p. 122, PL XXII f. 7-10. New S. Wales.
" stellatum Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Echin., p. 9. Australia.
» " Duj. HupiS, 1862. Echin., p. 560.

♦Australia; *Philippine Islands (Liverpool Mus.); Tasmania! (Liverpool Mus.); Brisbane
Water! (Brit. Mu<.).

Peronella rostrata

Laganum rostratuni ! Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut., p. 118, PL XXV.

" rostratuml Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat,, VII. p. 132.

" " ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Echin., p. 9. New Zealand.

" " ! Du.J. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 561.

Rumphia rostrata Desou, 1857. Synops. Ech. foss., p. 229.

*M. C. Z. ; New Zealand ! Zanzibar ! (J. d. P.).

(C1DARIS.) PlIYLLACANTHUS.

Cidaris Klein, 1734. Nat. Disp. Echin. (pars.)
Cidarites Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, (pars.)
Phyllacanthus Brandt, 1835. Prod. Descrip. (pars.)
Leiocidaris Dks. 1854. Synops. Echin. foss.
Rhabdocidaris Des. 1854. Syn. Ech. foss.
Goniocidaris Gray, 1855. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, (pars.)
Prionocidaris A. Agass. 1S63. Bull. M. C. Z., I.
Choudrocidaris A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I.

150 SYNONYMY.

Phyllacanthus annulifera

( Hdarites annulifera ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 57. New Holland.
" annulifera DesLong. 1824. E. M, II. p. 196.
" Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 326.

Cidaris " ! Agass., 1836. Prod., p. 21.

« " ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 327.

" " 1 Duj. Hupe", 1862. fich., p. 471.

" " ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p. 127.

ornata!'? Gray, 1855. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p 37.
'• anmilata ! Cray, 1855. Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 37 (non A. Agass.).

" circinnata! Mart. 1866. (MS. Amst. Mus.) Wieg. Arch., p. 147. Malacca.

'• rosaceus ! Rousseau, 1869, in Perrier, Pedic., p. 129, PL Ill.f. 9. So. Pacific.

♦Australia! (Liverpool Mus.); *M. C. Z. ; Philippine Islands ! (Semper); Malacca ! Oceauie !
(J. d. P.).

Phyllacanthus baculosa

Cidariles pistillaris ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 55. Isle de France.
" pistillaris DesLong. 1824. E. M., PL CXXXVII.
" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 824.

Cidaris " Audouin, Savigny Egypte Echin., PI. Yll.f.l.

" " ! lii.AiNv. 1834. Aetinol., p. 231.

" " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 21.

« " ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 327. Seychelles.

" ! Duj. Ihi'i', 1862. Krhin, p. 471.
Goniocidaris pistillaris] Gray, 1855. Proc. Zool. Sue. Lond., p. 35.
Prionocidaris pistillaris] A. AGASS. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., 1. p. 18. Zanzibar.
Cidariles baculosa ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 55.
" baculosa Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 324.

" I Mich. 1845. Rev. Mag. Z., p. 16, PL IV.}. 1-^8.
Cidaris " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 21.

" ! Agass. 1846. C. R. An.,. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 327. Red. Sea.
" •• ! Duj. Hurt, 1862. Echin., p. 471.

" ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 1 7.
" " ! Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch., I p. 144. Mozambique. Amboina Flores.

" ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic., p. 126, l'l. Ill.f. 1, 3, 4.
Cidariles papillaris ! Mich. 1845. Rev. M;i;_'. Zool., p. 16. Isle dc France.
Cidaris Lima ! Val. 1846. Agass. Df.s. C. It. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI p. 327. Bourbon.
Lima I Duj. Hui>e\ 1862. Echin , p. 472.
" Krohnii! A<; ass. 1846. C. It. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 327. Seychelles.
EroMUl D0J. IIi-i'E, 1862. Krhin., p. 4 72.

♦Red Sea (Botta) ; # Tor (Frauenfeld) ; ♦Zanzibar (Cook) ; # Bourbon ; ♦Isle de France; Mau-
ritius ! Seychelles ! (J. d. P.).

Phyllacanthus dubia

Phyllacanthus dubia Brandt, 1835. Prod., p. 268. Bonin.

Phyllacanthus dubia '. A. AGASS. 18G3. Proc. A. N. S. Pbila., p. 353.

Cidariles " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 326.

Phyllacanthus imperialis\ A. Agass. 1868. Bull. M. C. Z ,1. p. 17 (non Brandt.). N. Holland.

Cidaris caiialiculatus ! Rousseau, 1869. Perrier, Pedic, p. 189, PL Ill.f. o. Red Sea.

♦Zanzibar (C. Cook, Cheney, Ropes); ♦Bonin Islands (W. Stimpson) ; Red Sea! (J. d. P.) ;
New Caledonia ! (Ecol. Min.) ; New Holland ! (Phila. Acad.).

Phyllacanthus gigantea

Chondrocidaxis gigautea ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 18. Sandwich Islands.

♦Sandwich Islands (Garrett).

SYNONYMY. 101

Phyllacanthus imperialis

Cidaris Mauri ! Klein, 1734. De Echin., PL VII. f. A, B, C.

Echinometra altera digitata Seba, 1758. Thes., III. PL XIII. f. 3.

Knokk, 1771. Delia, PL D.f. 2.

Cidaris papillatu major Leske, 1778. Klein, Arid., p. 126, PL VII. f. A, copied in DesLong.,

Erie. Meth., PL CXXXVI.f.S; PL CXXXIX.f. 9.
Echinus cidaris Lin. 1 758. Syst. Nat. (pars.)

" cidaris Gmel. 1788. Lin. Syst. Nat., 3174. (pars)
Cidarites imperialis ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 54. Red Sea.

" imperialis Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 318.
Cidaris " ! Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 4.

" " ! Blalnv. 1834. Actinol., p. 231.

" ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 21.

Phil. 1845. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 353.
" " ! Agass. 1846. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 326.

" ! Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 147. Amboina. Molucca.
Phyllacanthus imperialis Brandt, 1835. Prod., p. 268 (non A. Agass.).
Leiocidaris " Des. 1854. Syn. Ech. foss., p. 48.

Leiocidaris " ! Duj. Hupe', 1862. Echin., p. 482.

" " ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic., p. 129.

Ph>illacanthus fustigera ! Barn. 1863, in A. Agass. Syn. Proc. A. N. S Phila., p. 353. Polar Seas.
Cidaris fusligera Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch.
" Gaimardii Rouss. (MS. J. d. P.).

*Red Sea (J. d. P.); *Gaspar Straits (Stimpson, Smithson. Coll.); *E. India; New Holland!
Aru Islands! (J. d. P.); Zanzibar! (Brit. Mus.) ; Tonga! (Mus. Godeff.) ; Sulu Sea! (U. S.
Ex. Exped. Smithson. Coll.) ; Molucca (Amsterd. Mus. Martens).

Phyllacanthus verticillata

Cidarites verticillata! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 56.

" verticillata DesLong. 1824. Enc. M., PL CXXXVI.f. 2, 3.
" verticillata Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 324.
Cidaris " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 21.

" ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI p. 327. So. Pacific.

Griffith, Cuv. An. Kingd., PL XIII. f. 1.
" ! Gray, 1855. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 37.
" " ! Duj. Hupe\ 1862. Echin., p. 4 72.

" " ! Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 141. Flores. Timor.

" " I Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p. 128, PL III./. 7.

♦Society Islands! (Garrett); *So. Seas (J. d. P.); *Samoa (Mus. Godeff.); *Lorentuka
(Martens); Molucca! (Mus. Berl.) ; New Holland! (J. d. P.); Feejee ! Sandwich Islands! (Mus.
Godeff.) ; Mindoro! (Brit. Mus.).

PHYMOSOMA.

Cyphosoma (Agass.) 1840. Cat. Syst. Ectyp. (non Mann. 1837).
Phymosoma Haime, 1853 D'Arch. Haime, An. foss. d'Inde.
Coptosoma Des. 1855. Synops. Ech. foss
Glyptocidaris A. Agass. 1863. Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila.

Phymosoma crenulare

Glyptocidaris crenularis ! A. Agass. 1863. Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., p. 356. Hakodadi.

*Hakodadi (W. Stimpson, Smithson. Coll.).

152 SYNONYMY.

PLATYBRISSUS.

Platybrissus Grube, 18(15. Jahresb. d. Schles. Ges. f. Vaterl. Cult.

Platybrissus Roemeri

Platybrissus Roemeri I Grube, 18G5. Jahresb. d. Schles. Ges. f. Vaterl. Cult., p. 61.

*M. C. Z.

(TEMNOPLEURUS.) Pleureciiintjs.

Pleurechinus Agass. 1*41. Mon. Scut.
Pleurechinus A6A8S. 1 S4 1 . Vai.. An. Genre Ech.
Temnoplt arm Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. (pars.)
Opechiuus Dks. 1855. Synop. Ech. foss.

Pleurechinus bothryoides

Pleurechinus bothryoides ! Ac \ss. 1841. Mon. Scut.

Pleurechinus bothryoides ! Agass. 1841. Vai.. An;it. Gen Ech., p. VIII. (mm Cid. both. Klein).

Tt <in, i, /it, urns bothryoides] Agass. 1846. C. It. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 360. (pars.)

? Galapagos ! (Ecol. Min.).

PODOCIDARIS.

Podocidaris A. AGASS. 1869. Hull. M. C. Z., I.

Podocidaris sculpta

Podocidaris sculpta! A. Agass. 1869. R. M. C. Z., I. p. 258. Straits of Florida.

*Doublehead Shot Key, Fla., 315 fins., *Florida Gulf Stream, 120, 138, 154 fms. (Pourtales).

POROCIDARIS.

Porocidaris Des. 1854. Syn. Echin. foss.

Porocidaris purpurata

Porocidaris purpurata ! W. Thoms. 1869. Prel. Rep. Porcup. Exp. P. It. S.

*Deep water between Rona and Rockall (Poreup. Exp.).

POURTALESIA.

Pourtalesia A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I.

Pourtalesia miranda

Pourtalesia miranda! A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 272. Straits of Florida.

♦Florida Gulf Stream, 349 fms. (Pourtales) ; off Rockall, 1215 fms., Shetland Channel! (Por-
cupine Exped.).

SYNONYMY. 153

(STRONG YLOCENTROTUS.) Pseudoboletia.

Boletia A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. (pars.)

Pseudoboletia Trosch. 1869. Verhdl. J. Nat. Ver Rheinl. u. West.

Pseudoboletia granulata

Boletia granulata ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 24. Sandwich Islands.
Pseudoboletia stenostoma ! Trosch. 1869. Verhandl. Nat. Ver. Rheinl. u. West., p. 96.

♦Sandwich Islands (Garrett).
Pseudoboletia indiana

Toxopneustes indianus! Mich. 1862. Maill. Bourbon, Ann. A., p. 5. Bourbon.

Sphaeriechinus indianus Lutk. 18G4. Bid.

Pseudoboletia maculata! Trosch. 1869. Verhandl. Nat. Ver. Rheinl. u. West., p. 96.

*M. C. Z. ; Masbate ! Philippine Islands ! Mauritius ! (Brit. Mus.) ; *Isle de France ; Bombay !
(Ecol. Min.) ; Bourbon! (Loriol).

(CASSIDULUS.) Rbynchopygus.

Echinobrissus Breyn. 1732. Schedias. (pars.)
Cassidulus Lamk. 1801. An. s. Vert.
Kucleolites Desml. 1837. Syn. (pars.)
Pygorhynchus Agass. 1860. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.
Rhynchopygus Lutk. 1864. Bid.
Rhyncholampas A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I.

Rhynchopygus caribaearum

Cassidulus caribaearum ! Lamk. 1801. An. s. Vert., p. 349. W. Indies.
Cassidulus caribaearum'. Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Echin., p. 34.

" " ! Lutk. 1864. Bid., p. 126, PL II. f. 6.

Rhynchopygus " ! Lutk. 1864. Bid. Append, p. 1. St. Thomas.

Rhyncholampas caribaearum ! A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 270.
Cassidulus australis ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 35. (pars.)

" australisl Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 210.

! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VII. p. 157.

« " ! Dim. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 582.

IPerrier, 18G9. Pedic., p. 170.
Richardii DesLo.vg. 1824. Enc. Meth., PL CXLIII.f. S, 9, 10.
Nucteolites Richardii Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 354. (pars.)

" " ! Duch. 1850. Rad. d. Antilles.

Cassidulus guadeloupensis ! Ducu. 1847. Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr. Guadeloupe.
Rhynchopygus guadeloupensis Des. 1857. Syn. Ech. foss., p. 288.

*St. Thomas (Riise) ; Jamaica! (Mus. Copenh.) ; Guadeloupe ! (Duchassaing, J. d. P.).

Rhynchopygus pacificus

Pygorhynchus sp. ! Agass. 1860. Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., p. 262. Acapulco

" pacificus ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 27.

" pacificus'. Verrill, 1867. Notes Radiata, p. 315. Cape St. Lucas.

" " ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p. 1 70.

Rhyncholampas pacificus'. A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 270.

♦Acapulco (A. Agass., Van Brunt) ; *Panama (Jewett) ; Cape St. Lucas! (Xanthus, Smithson.
Coll.); Galapagos! (Mus. Stockholm).

154 SYNONYMY.

(HEMIASTER.) Rhynobrissus.

Rhynobrissus A. AGASS. 1872. Bull. M. C. Z., Ill

Rhynobrissus pyramidalis

Rhynobrissus pyrarnidalis A. AGAS8. 1872. Bull. M. C. Z., III. China Seas.

*Sea of Liuguin, China Seas (Liverpool Mus.).

ROTULA.

Echinodiscus BrkYN. 1 732. Schcdias. (pars.)
Rotula Klein, 1734. Nat Disp. Echin.
Plan )it<i BRISSON, 1754. Kx. Ed. Gall.
Scutella Lamk. 181G. An. s. Vert, (pars.)
Echinodiscus Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil, (pars.)
Heliophora AGASS. 1840. Cat. Syst Ectyp.
Rotula Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut.
Echinodiscus D'Orbig. 1854. Rev, Mag. Zobl.
Des. 1857. Synops. Ech.

Rotula Augusti

Echinodiscus Bin yv. 1 732. PI VII. f. 5, G.

GUALTKRI, 1742. /'/. CX.f. II.

Echinus alterplanus Si ba, 1758. Thes., III. PI. XV. f. 17, IS.

Rotula Augusti! Ku in. 1 734. Nat. Disp. Ech.,/'/. XXII. f. C, D, copied, Enc. M., PI. CL.f.5.6.
Rotula Augusti] A<;ass. 1841. Mon. Scut, p. 28,PLII./. l-io. I'l. !['«./. 1-6. W. coast Africa
: Ai;as~. 1847. C. 11. Ann. Sc. Nat , Vll. p. 138.

! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 17.
'• Desor. 1857. Synop. Ech. fo8S.

! Ddj. Hri'E\ 1862. Ech., p. 570.
Bronx. 1859. Kl. u. Ord. Actio., PL XLI.f. U.
Echinodiscus deciesdigitatus I,i ski . 1 7 7 s . Kl. Add., p. 145, /'/. XXII. f. /I, B.

" octiesdigitatus ' Leske, 177s. Kl. Add., p. 147, PL XXII. f. C, D, - copied in

Enc. M.l'l. CL.f.3,4.
Echinus octodactylus Gmkl. 17xs. Linn. Syst Nat , 8191.
Scutella octodactyla '. Blainv. 1825. 1), S. N. Scut., p. 227.
! Agass. 183«. Prod., p. 188.
" ! Blainv. 1834. Act in, p. 220.

" " Desml. 1837. Svn„ p. 222.

Ei>\v. in Civ. Bog. An. Ed. 111., PI XV. J. 2.
Echinodiscus octodactylus ! Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 6.

Placenta rotula Brisson, 1754. Klein, Ed. Call., p. 94, PI. XII. f. A, B. (pars )
Scutella digitata! Lamk. 181G. An. s. Vert., p. 8.
Scutella digitata ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 188.
Echinodiscus digitatus \ Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. <>.
Scutella decadactyla! Blainv. 1827. D. S. N. Scut., p. 227.
" decadactyla'. BLArev. 1834. Actin., p. 220.
Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 222.
Rotula Gualteri Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech. ji. 18.

*Liberia ; *Cape Palraas ; *\V. coast Africa.

SYNONYMY. 155

Rotula Rumphii

Kumpii. 1 705. PL XI V. f. 1.

Echinus planus Seba, 1758. Thes., III. PI. XV. f. 15, 16, 19, SO, copied, Enc. M., PL CLI.

f. 3, 4.

Echinodiscus dimidia Breyn. 1732. Sched., p. 64, PL VI. f. 3, 4.

Rotula Rumphii! Klein, 1734. Nat Disp. Ech., PL XXII. f. E, F, copied in Enc. M., PI.

CLI. f. 1,2.
Rotula Rumphii! Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut., p. 25.

" ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 138.
" " ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 17.

Echinodiscus Rumphii\ Des. 1857. Syn. Ech. foss., p. 238 (non Blainv.).

! Du.J. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 570.
Placenta rotula Brisson, 1754. Klein, Ed. Gall., p. 196. (pars)

Echinodiscus dentatus Leske, 1778. Klein, Add., § 96, PL XXII. /. E, F ; PL XLIX. copied

from Seba.
" dentatusl Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 6.

Scutella dentatal Lajik. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 8.
Scutella " ! Blainv. 1827. D. S. N. Scut., p. 226.

" " ! Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 220.

" " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 188.

" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 220.

? Echinus orbiculus Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst. N., 3192 (an Mell. testudinata?)
Scute/la semisol Blainv. 1827. D. S. N. Scut, p. 227.
" semisol Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 220.
" radiata Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 220.
" radiata Agass. 1836. Prod , p. 188.
Rotula digitata ! Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut., PL I. Senegal.

" digitata ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VII. p. 138. (pars.)
Echinodiscus digitatusl Des. 1857. Syn. Ech. foss., p. 238.
Rotula Kleinii ! Mich. MS. (Ecol. Min.)

♦Senegal; *Cape Verde Islands (Bouvier) ; Loando! (Ecol. Min.); Porto Praya, 20 fms. !
(W. Slimpson, Smithson. Coll.).

SALENIA.

Salenia Gray, 1835. Proc. Z. S. London.
Cidarella Desml. 1837. MS. Et. Echin., p. 207.
Salenocidaris A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I.

Salenia varispina

Salenocidaris varispina! A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z , I. p. 254. Straits of Florida.

*Off Doublehead Shot Key, 135 fms. (Pourtales).

SALMACIS.

Salmacis Agass. 1841. Val. An. Genre Ech.
Salmacis Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI.
Melobosis Gir. 1850. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.
Toreumatica Gray, 1855. Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, (pars.)
Melebosis (err. typ.) Dim. Hupe", 1862. Echin.
Diploporus Trosch. MS. 1866. Mart. Wieg. Arch.

156 SYNONYMY.

Salmacis bicolor

Salmacis bicolor! Agass. 1841. Val. Anat. Genre Ech., p. 8.

Salmacis bicolor \ Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 359, PI. XV. f. 4. Bombay. Red Sea.
« " ! Deb. 1855. Synops. fich. foss., p. 109, PL XVII. f. IS.

« " BisoNN, 1859. Kl. u. Onl. Actin., PI. XLlI.f. S.

« " I Duj. Hur-rf, 1862. Echin., p. 515.

" •' ! Perkier, 18G9. Pe"dic, p. 139.

♦Red Sen; *Zanzibar (Webb, Ropes); "Mauritius (Pike); Bombay ! (Mus. Paris) ; Mozam-
bique! (Mus. Berl.).

Salmacis Dussumieri

Salmacis Dussumieri! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 359. Singapore. China Seas.
Toreumatica concava ! (Iiiav, 18."j.">. l'roc. Zool. Sue. London, p. 39 (non A. Agass).

Hong Kong.
Salmacis Desmoulinsii ! Dim. Hupe*, 1862. Echin., p. 516.
Temnopleurus elegans !Mh 11. MS. Ecol. Min.

*M. C. Z ; Singapore ! China Seas ! (J. d. P., Ecol. Min.) ; Philippine Islands ! (Semper) ; Hong
Kong (Brit. Mus.).

Salmacis globator

Salmacis globator ! AG VSS. 1846. C. K. An. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 359.
" globator 1 . Dl J. 1 1 < 11;, 1862. Echin, p. 516.

♦Australia; E. and \V. coast Australia! (Brit Mus.).

Salmacis rarispina

Salmacis rarispinua ! Agass. 1846. C. R Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 859. Malacca. Singapore.

" rorapmue! Duj. Hupe", 18G2. Echin., p. 516.
Melobosix •■ I A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 24.
Salmacis varius 1 Agass. 1846. C B bin Sc. Nat., VI. p S59. Singapore.
varius\ Dcj. llti-ic, L862. Echin., p. M6.
" pyramidata ! Trosch. 1866, in Mart. Wieg. Arehiv, I. p. 159. (pars.) Timor.
" festivus! Grube, 1867. Schles. Ges. £ Vat Cult. Siam.

" rubrotiuctus ! GRUBE, 1867. Schles. Gcs. t'. Vat. Cult.
Melobosix iutermedius ! Gin. MS. M. C. Z.

♦Philippine Islands (Cotteau) ; Timor! (Martens); Shanghae! (Amherst Coll.); Malacca!
Singapore! (J. d. P.) ; Philippine Islands! (Semper Coll.); Tranquebar! (Mus. Copenh.) ; Bondy
Head! (Brit. Mus.); *Siam (Salmin) ; Cape York! Banca Straits! (Salmin).

Salmacis sulcata

Salmacis sulcatus ! Agass. 1846. C. R Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 359. E. India.

" sulcalus\ Dim. IIii-i':, 1862. Echin.. p. 516.

" virgulatus! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 359. Ceylon.

" virgulatus I Du.J. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 516.
Melobosis mirabilis ! Gir. 1850. Proc. Boston S. N. II., III. p. 365.
Melebosis mirabilis ! Du.J. Hupe" 1862. Echin., p. 516.
Salmacis conica ! Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch., p. 159.
Diploporus pyramidata! Tkoscii. 18r.fi, in Maui. Wieg. Arch., p. 159. (pars.)

♦Port Mackay (Mus. Godeff.) ; ♦New Holland (Cotteau) ; *East India ; Philippine Islands !
(Semper); China! (Stockholm Mus.) ; Ceylon! (J. d. P.) ; Banca Straits! (Salmin); Red Sea!
(Mus. Copenh.); Mozambique! (Peters).

SYNONYMY. 157

SCHIZASTER.

Echinus Linn. 1758. Syst. Nat. (pars.)
Spatangus Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, (pars.)
Ova Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil.
Micraster Agass. 183C. Prod.
Brissus DiJB. o. Ivor. 1844. Skand. Echin.
Schizaster Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VIII.
Tripylus Gray, 1851. Ann. Mag.
Nina Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Echin.
Brisaster Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech.
Tripylus Sars, 1861. Norges Echin.
Periaster Du.J. Hupe", 186 2. Echin. (pars.)
Paraster Pomel, 1869. Rev. d. Echin.

Schizaster canaliferus

Echin us lacunosus Linn. 1758. Syst. Nat., 665. (pars.)

" lacunosus Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst., 3106. (pars.)
Spatangus " Leske, 1778. Kl. Add

" canaliferus ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, p. 31.
" canaliferusl Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. N. O , p. 90.

" ! Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 202.
» « Desml. 1837. Syn.. p. 386.

Enc. MiSth., PL CLVI.f.l-S.
Ova " ! Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 9.

Micraster " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 17.
Micraster " Phil. 1845. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 341.

Schizaster " ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. N, VIII. p. 20, PL XVI. f. 6. Mediterranean.
Mull. 1852. Abhdl., IV. PL VIII. f. 10-13; PL VIII. f. 7-10. (Pluteus.)
Mull. 1853. Abhdl ., VI. PL VII. f. 7-9.
" Mull. 1854. Bau d. Echin., Pi I.f. 6.

Mull. 1855. Abhdl, VII. PL V.f.5,6; PL VII.; PL VI. ? (Pluteus.)
« « Sars, 1857. Middclh. Litt. Fauna, p. 117.

" " IDes. 1858. Syn. Ech. foss., PL XLIII.f. 1, 2.

" ! Du.r. Hupe\ 1862. Echin., p. 603.
" ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic, p. 177.
Nina " ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. 60.

Schizaster cordalus Bronn, 1859. Kl. u. Ord. Actin., p. 341, PL XXXIX. f. 2G (non Auct.).

*W. coast Italy (Rigacci); *NapIes (Panceri) ; Triest (Sars); Nice (Risso) ; Venice, Lussin
(Grube); Zara, Lessina (Heller).

Schizaster fragilis

Brissus fragilis ! Dub. o. Kor. 1844. Skand Echin., p. 280, PL X.f. 47, 40. W. coast Norway.
Schizaster fragilis ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VIII. p. 22.

" ! Lutk. 1864. Bid., p. 175.
Brisaster " ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ech., p. Gl.
Tripylus " Sars, 1861. Norges Echin., p. 96.

Periaster " ! Du.J. Hupe\ 1862. Echin , p. 598. Straits of Florida.
Schizaster cubensis\ A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 278 (non D'Orrig.).

*Lofoten Islands, 100 -150 fms. (G. O. Sars); *W. coast Norway (Thomson) ; Drontheim —
Cape North (McAndrew & Barrett); Bergen, Finmark (Sars); Gulf of St. Lawrence (Whiteaves,
250 fras.) ; *Straits of Florida (Pourtales).

158 SYNONYMY.

Schizaster gibberulus

Audouin in Savigxy, Egypte Zooph., PL VII. f. 5.

Schizaster gibberulus ! Agass. 1847. C. K. Ann. Mag. N. H., VIII. p. 22. Red Sea.
Periaster gibberulus D'Orbig. 1854. Pal. fr., p. 270.
Periaster " ! Duj. Huri£, 18G2. Echin., p. 598.

" ! Perkier, 1869. Pe*dic,p. 177.
Brisaster " ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Echin., p. 61.
Faraster " PoMEL, 1869. Rev. d. Echin.

*Red Sea.

Schizaster Philippii

Tripylus Philippii Gray, 1851. Ann. Mag. N. H., VII. p. 132.

" Philippii Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ecbin., p. 59, PL V.f. 1. So. Am. Straits Magellan.
Brissopsis '• Duj. Hope', 1862. Echin., p. 597.

*M. C. Z. ; Statten Land ! (Brit. Mus.).

Schizaster ventricosus

Schizastt r ventricosus ! Gray, 1851. Ann. Mag. N. H., VII. p. 133. Australia.
Nina ventricosus ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ecbin., p. 60, PL IV.f.t.
Schizaster Jukesii ! Gray, 1851. Ann. Mag. N. II.. VII. p. 133. Cape York.
Nina JukesH) Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Ecliin , p. 61, /'/. ///./ !,.

•Feejee Islands (Godeffi Mus); Siam! (Bonn Mus.); Hong Kong! (Vienna, Breslau Mus.) ;
Pelew Islands ! (Mus. Godeff.) ; Philippine Islands ! (Semper).

SPATANGUS.

Spatangus Klein, 17.il Nat. Disp. Ech.
Spatagus Mill. 1776. Prod. Zool. Dan. (pars.)
Spatangus Leske, 1778. Kl. Addit. (pars.)

Spatangus Lvitkeni

Spatangus Liitkeni ! A. Agass. 1872. Bull. M. C. Z., III. C;\yir China.
" alius Ldtk. MS.

Mapan (Salmin, Kolliker); Hakodadi! (\V. Stimpson, Smitbson. Coll.).

Spatangus purpureus

Echinus Spatangus el Brissus Rondel. 1554. Lib de piscib. mar., p. 578.
Spatagus purpureus!.' Mri.i.. 1776. Prod., 2850: Zool. Dan, PL VI.

Spatangus purpureus Leske, 1778. Kl. Add., p. 170, PL XI. ill. f. 3-5, PL XLV. f. 5, copied

in Exc. Me"til, PI. CLYII.f. 1-S.
" " ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, p. 29. Atlantic European.

" " ! GRAY, 1825. Ann. Phil., p. 8.

" " Flem. 1828. Brit. An., p. 489.

" ! Blaixv. 1834. Actin., p. 202, PI. XIV.
! AGASS. 1836. Prod., p. 17.
" " Desml. 1887. Svn., p. 388.

Edw. in Cuv. Reg. An. Ed. 111., PL XI'". /. 1 ; PL XVII. f. '2.
" " I ? Forbes, 1841. Brit Start, p. 182,/

" " Dub. o. Koken, 1844. Skand. Ech., p. 285. W. coast Norway.

" " Phil. 1845. Wieg. Archiv, I. p. 350.

" " ! Agass. 184 7. C. R. Ann. Se. Nat., VIII. p. 6.

" " ! Gray, 1848. Brit. Rad., p. 6.

" ! Gray, 1855. Cat Rec. Ech., p. 47.
" " Desor, 1858. Svnops. Ech.fosa., PL XLIV.f. t

" " Bronx, 1859. Kl. a. Ord. Aetin., p. 340, PI. XL. f. SI -S3.

SYNONYMY. 159

Spatangus purpureus (continued).

Spatangus purpureusl Sars, 1861. Norges Ech., p. 99.
" " ! Duj. Huprf, 1862. Echin., p. 607.

" " ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic., p. 178, PL VII. f. a, d, e.

Echinus " Gm el. 1788. Linn. Syst. Nat.

Penn. 1812. Brit. Zool., 2d Ed., PI XXXVJI. ; PL XXXV. 1st Ed.
Spatangus meridionalis Pusso, 1826. Em-op. Mend., V. p. 280 (non Auct. Angi..).
" meridionalis I Blainv. 1834. Aetin., p. 202.

" " Phil. 1845. Wieg. Archiv, I, p. 850.

" ! Agass. 184 7. C. R. Ann. Sc. N, VIII. p 6. Mediterranean. Algeria.

" " ! Gray, 1855. Cat Rec. Echin., p. 47.

" " Sars, 1857. Middelh. Litt. faun., p. 1. Naples.

" ! Duj. Hupri, 1862. Echin., p. 608.

! Terrier, 1869. Pedic., p 190.
" spinosissimus ! Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. N, VIII. p. 6. European Seas.
" spinossissimus \ Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Echin . p. 4 7.
" Reginae ! Gray, 1851. Ann. Mag. N. H., VII. p. 130. Malta.

" Reginae I Gray, 1855. Cat Rec. Echin., p. 47, PL Ill.f. 1.

*German Ocean; Oresund ; *Droback (Escliriclit) ; *Lofoten Islands, 20-40 fms. (G. O.
Sars); Rochelle ! Cherbourg! W. coast France ! (J. d. P.); N. & E. Ireland (Thomson) ; Irish
Sea! (Liverpool Mus.) ; Shetland Islands (Norman); Drontheim — N. Cape (McAndrew & Bar-
rett) ; ^British Seas; Heligoland, Fin mark (Sars); Isle of Man, Weymouth (Forbes); Katwijck
(Maitland) ; *Cape Sagras (Poreup. Exped.) ; *Mediterranean ; Naples, Messina (Sars) ; Malta
(Brit. Mus.) ; Nice (Risso) ; Zara, Lessina (Heller) ; Lussin (Grube) ; *W. coast Italy (Rigacci).

Spatangus Raschi

Spatangus Raschi ! Lov^N, 1869. Ofv. Skand. Vet. Akad. Forh. German Ocean.
" meridionalis (Auct. Anglic.) Norman 4th Dredging Rep. Brit. Ass., 1868. '

*W. Ireland (Porcupine Exped.) ; Azores! (Breslau Mus.) ; Storeggen Bk.. 200 fms. (Rasch) ;
Shetland Islands (Barrett, Norman) ; off Valencia ! 110 fms. (Porcupine Exped.).

(STRONGYLOCENTROTUS.) Sphaerechinus.

Echinus Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, (pars.)

Tuxopneustes Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. (pars.) (non Agass. 1841.)

Sphaerechinus Des. 1857. Synop. Ech. foss.

Sphaeriechinus Lutk. 1864. Bid. (err. typ.)

Sphaerechinus Australiae

Sphaerechinus Australiae ! A. Agass. 1872. Bull. M. C. Z., III.
Cryptopora " ! Mich. MS. (Ecol. Min.). Australia.

Pachechinus " ! A. Agass. MS. M. C. Z.

* Australia (B. M. Wright); Mauritius! (Ecol. Min.); New Zealand! Tasmania! E. coast
Australia ! Adelaide ! (Brit. Mus.)

Sphaerechinus granulans

Echinus ovarius Rondel. 1554. Lib. de piseib. marin., p. 578.

" granulans ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, p. 44.
Toxopneustes granulans 1 Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., p. 367.

" " ! Duj. Hup£, 1862 Echin., p. 531.

Sphaerechinus " ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 23. Fayal.

Sphaeriechinus granulans Lutk. 1864. Bid., p. 148.

TOO SYNONYMY.

Sphaerechinus granulans (continued).

Echinus brevispinosus Risso, 1826. Europ. Me*rid., V. p. 277. Mediterranean.
" brevispinosus I Val. 1841. Anat. Ech., PL J.f. 4-6, 9; Pis. II., VII. (pars.)

Mull. 1802. Abhdl., V. PL VIII. f. 1 - 9 ; VI. PL VIII. f. S-G ; VII.
/'/. /. (Platens.)
" " Mull. 1854. Ban d. Echin., PL II. f. 5.

Toxopneustes brevispinosus 1 . AgaSS. 1846. C. K. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 3C. N. shore Africa.
" " Saks, 1857. Middelh. Liu. faun , p. 112. Naples.

" ! Duj. IIur-E", 1862. Echin., p. 531.

Sphaerechinus " ! Desor, 1857. Synops. Ech. foss., p. 134.

Ecliiims esculentus\ Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. N. O, p. 86 (non Linn ).
" " ! Blainv. 1834. Actin., PL XIX.

Edw. in Cuv. Reg. An. Ed. 111., PL XL f 1.
Sphaerechinus esculentus Bronx, 1859. Kl. u. Ord. Actin., p. 337, /'/. XXXVII. f. 1-3, 5-14,

16-19; /'/. XXXIX. f. 6.
Echinus equituberculatus ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. N. O., p. 8G (non p. 76).
" equituberculatus I Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 228 (non p. 226).
" aequituberculatus DE8ML. 1887. Syn., p. 280.
Toxopneustes " I Duj. HupE", 1862. Echin., p. 531.

Echinus subglobiformis ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. X. O., p. 89.
" subglobiformis Desml. 1837 Syn., p. 282.
" dubius ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc X. O., p. 87.
" dubius \ BLAINV. 1834. Actin., p. 228.
" " DESML. 1887. Syn . p. 280.

Toxopneustes albidus ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Xat., VI. p. .'i(l7. W. coast France, (pars.).
" albiilus'. Dim. Hurt, 1862. Echin., p. 531.

•Mediterranean ; *Madeira (W. Stimpson, Sniithson Coll.); *Niee (Verany) ; *Naplea (Pan-
ceri) : *W. coast Italy! (Rigacci) ; *Fayal (Higginson, Dabney) ; *Sicily; X. coast Africa! Cape
Verde Islands! W. coast France ! (J. d. P.) ; Genoa (Verany) ; Messina (Sare) ; Spain, Portu-
gal, W. Africa, Canary Islands (Forbes); Venice, Lussin (Grube) ; Lissa, Lessina, ltagusa,
E. coast Adriat (Heller).

Sphaerechinus pulcherrimus

Psammechinus pulcherrimus ! Barn. 1863, in A. Ac. Proc. Acad. X. S. Phila., p. 357. Ilakodadi.
Holopm ustes complanatus Herkl, Ms. Leyd. Mus. (teste Martens).

Discaster Bernardi Man. MS. Ecol Min. (Monstrosity.)

*IIakodadi (W. Stiinpson, Sniithson. Coll.) ; Nagasaki ! (Martens) ; Japan ! China Seas ! (Ecol.
Min.).

STEPHANOCIDARIS.

Cidariles Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, (pars.)
Cidaris \<.\». 1836. Prod, (pars.)
Stephanocidaris A. Agass. 1863. Hull. M. C. 7... I.

Stephanocidaris bispinosa

( tdarites bispinosa ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 57. New Holland.

" bispinosa Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 326.
Cidaris " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 21.

Stephanocidaris tubaria ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 18 (non C. tubaria Lamk.).

•Australia, Malacca! (J. d. P.); Australia! (Peron et Les.).

SYNONYMY. 161

STOMOPNEUSTES.

Echinus Lame. 181G. A. s. Vert, (pars.)

Stomopneustes Agass. 1841. Monog. Scut. Int.

Heliocidaris Desml. 1846. Agass. C. R. Aim. Sc. Nat., VI. (pars.)

Stomopneustes variolaris

Seba, 1 758. Thes., III. PI. XIII. f. 5, G.

Echinus variolaris ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert, p. 47. So. Pacific.
variolaris \ Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. Nat. O., p. 90.
DesLong. E. M., PL CXXXV.
Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 228.
" " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 23.

" Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 284.

" " ! Mich. 1845. Rev. Mag. Zool., p. 10. Isle de France.

Stomopneustes variolaris*. Agass. 1841. Monog. Scut. Int.
Stomopneustes " Agass. 1841. Val. Anat. G. Echin., p. X.

Heliocidaris " Desml. 1847. Agass. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 371.

Heliocidaris " ! Du.I. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 537.

" " ! Perrier, 1869. Pedic., p. 158.

Echinus paucituberculatus ! Blainv. 1825. Diet S. N. 0., p. 80.
" paucituberculatus I Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 227.
" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 274.

Heliocidaris paucituberculata ! Desml. 1847. Agass. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 371.
Heliocidaris " ! Duj. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 537

Echinus anguifer Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 276.

" Leschenaulti ! Blainv. 1825. D. S. Nat. O., p. 93.
Echinometra LeschenaultV. Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 225.
» " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 260.

♦Mauritius (Pike) ; *Zanzibar (Cheney) ; *Samoa (Acad. N. S. Phila.) ; *Mozambique (Cook) ;
♦Calcutta (Theobald) ; Natal ! (Mus. Stutt.) ; Java ! Reunion ! (Cotteau).

STRONGYLOCENTROTUS.

Echinus Linn. 1758. Syst. Nat.

" Mull. 1776. Prod. Zool. Dan. (pars.)

" Mol. 1782. Chili.
Strongylocentrotus Brandt. 1835. Prod, (pars.)
Toxopneustes Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. (pars.)
Echinus Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Se. Nat, VI. (pars.)
Heliocidaris Desml. 1S46. Agass. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. (pars.)
Echinometra Gray, 1848. Brit. Rad. (pars.)
Loxechinus Des. 1855. Synops. Echin.
Psammechinus Du.I. Hup£, 1862. Echin. (pars.)
Sphaercchinus Du.I. IIup^, 1862. Echin. (pars.)
Toxocidaris A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I.
Anthocidaris LiJTK. 18G4. Bid.

Euryechinus Verrill, 186G. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.
Echinometra Perrier, 1869. Pedic. (pars.)

102 SYNONYMY.

Strongylocentrotus albus

Echinus albus Mol. 1782. Chili, p. 175. Chili.

" albusl Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann Sc. Nat., VI., p. 368. Callao.
" " Mull. 1854. Bau d. Echin., PL II. f. 8.

Loxechinus albus \ Des. 1855. Syn. Ech. foss , p. 136.
Loxechinus " Bronn, 1859. Kl. u. Ord. Actin., PL XXXIX f. 9.

« " ! Dim. IIuik, 18(iJ. Echin., p. 585, PL IX.f. S.

Echinus eurythrogrammus ! Val. 1846. Voyage Venus, (pars.)

*Chili, *Mejillones (Putnam) ; Callao ! (J. d. P.) ; Straits Magellan! (Mus. Stockh.) ; ? Philip-
pine Islands! (Semper).

Strongylocentrotus armiger

Slrongyloct ntrotus armiger A. Agass. 1872. Bull. M. C. Z., III.

* Australia.

Strongylocentrotus depressus

Toxocidaris depressa ! A. Agass. 1863. Proc. A. N. S. Phil., p. 356. Niphon.
Echinus disjunctus ! Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 135. Nagasaki.

*N. End Niphon (Stimpson) ; *Yedo (Dull, Srnithson. Coll.) ; Nagasaki ! (Martens).

Strongylocentrotus Drobachiensis

Echinus Drobachiensis I? Mill. 1776. Prod. Zool. Dan., p. 235. German Ocean. Norway.
Toxopneustes Drobachiensis \ Agass. 1846. C. K. Ann. Sc-. X., VI. p. 367.
" '• ! Lltk. 1857. Gronl. Ech., p. 24. Greenland.

! Sars, 1857. Mid. lclh. I. itt. (:11111a. p. 11."..
" " ! Sars, 1861. Norges Echin., p. 95.

' Di 1. Hite", 1862. Echin. p. 532.
" " ! A. Agass. 1868. Proc. Boston S. X. II.. p. 191.

" " ! A. Agas*. 1863. Mem. Am. Ac.,/ 1-J8. (Plnteus and jnv.)

! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 23.
" " I A. Agass. 1868. Proc. A. N. S. Phila., p. 357.

" ! A. Agass. 1865. Seaside Studies p. 101,/ 131-188, 173-181.

(Pluteus).
" " ! Stewart, 1865. Trans. Lin. Soc. Lond., XXV. /'/. L.f.S.

Echinometra " ! Gray, 1848. Brit. Bad., p. 4.

Euryechiuus " ! Vkrrii.l, 1866. Proc. Boston S X II., p. 341, 852.

Echinus saxalilis Fab. 1780. Fauna Grocnl., p. 368 (11011 MiJLL.).

" neglectus ! I.amk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 49. Atlantic. Europ.
" neglectus \ Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 190.

" !? Forbes, 1841. Brit. Start, p. 1 72,/
" ! Dun. o. KOREN, 1844. Skand. Echin., p. 277.
Toxopneustes neglectus'. Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. N., VI. p 367. Iceland.
" " ! Grube, 1851. Midd. Beise, II. p. 34.

" ! Desor, 1855. Syn. Ech, foss., PL XVII^.f. 1, 3.
Echinus subangularis Flem. 1828. Brit. An., p. 4 79 (non Leske).
Strongylocentrotus chlorocentrotus Bbandt, 1835. Prod., p. 264. Sitka.
Echinus chlorocentrotus Br. 1835. Prod.

" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 282.

Toxopneustes " ! LtJTK. 1864. Bid , p. 144.

Echinus granulans \ Say, 1827. Journ. A. X. S. Phila., p. 225 (non Lamk.). Maine.

" grnnulntus I Gould, 1841. Rep. Lit. Mass. Mass. Bay.
Toxopneustes " ! Agass. 1846. C. R Ann. Sc. X., VI. p. 868.

! LiJTK. 1864. Bid., p. VI.
Euryechinus " ! Verrill, 1866. Proc. Boston S. N. II., pp. 340, 352.

Toxopneustes Dubenii ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 368. Arctic Seas.
" Dubenii'. Dim. Hup£, 1862. Echin., p. 532.

SYNONYMY. 163

Strongylocentrotus Drobachiensis {continued).

Echinus chloroticus! Stimps. 1807. Crust. Echin. Pacif. Sh., p. 86.

Toxopncustes carnosus ! Harn. 1863, in Agass. Proc. A. N. S. Phila., |). 357. Avatcha Bay.

« pictus! Norm. 1870. Dredg. Rep. Heb., p. 814. Shetland.

" pallidus ! Saks, 1870. Nye Echin. Vid. Selsk. Christiania.

♦Norway (Sars) ; ♦Oresund (Eschricht) ; *Lofoten Islands, 1. w., 60 fins. (G. 0. Sars) ; *Great
Britain (W. Stirupson) ; *Kattegat; *Greenland (Mus. Copenh.) ; ♦Labrador (Wyman) ; *New-
foundland (Dix) ; *Halifax (Hill) ; *Grand Menan (Mills) ; *Trenton Point, Me. (Verrill, Shaler,
Hyatt) ; *Eastport (Stimpson) ; *Mass. Bay, ♦Nantucket, *S. Shoals (Agassiz) ; Cape Cod (A.
Agassiz) ; ♦Charleston, S. C. ? *C'ape Florida ? (Wurdemann) ; *Nevv Jersey coast (Gedney,
Smithson. Coll.) ; *Hudson Bay (Drexler, Smithson. Coll.); *Gulf Georgia, W. T. (A. Agassiz) ;
Sitka (Martens) ; *Avatcha Bay, *Behring Strait, Gulf of Penshinsk, Okliotch Sea (Stimp-
son, Smithson. Coll.) ; De Castries Bay ! (Mus. Godeff.) ; Siberia (Middendorf) ; *Spitzbergen,
Finmark ! Iceland ! Vancouver ! (Mus. Stock.) ; Straits Belle Isle ! Anticosti ! Mingan Islands !
(Packard) ; Gaspe (Dawson) ; Point Judith (Leidy) ; Long Island Sound (Verrill) ; Shetland,
Orkney Islands (Forbes) ; Cape North (McAndrew & Barrett).

Strongylocentrotus eurythrogrammus

Echinus eurythrogrammus ! Val. 1846. Voyage Venus, Zooph., PI. VII. f. 1.
Heliocidaris eurythrogramma! Des. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. N., VI. p. 371.

" " ! Du.t. HupE", 1862. Echin., p. 537.

Anthocidaris " ! L'utk. 1864. Bid., p. 165.

7'oxncidarbs " Verrill, 1871. Trans Conn. Acad., I.

Echinus tuberculatns ! Lamk. 1816. A. s. Vert., p. 50. (Juv. pars.) So. Pacific.
tuberculatus ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. N. O , p. 90.
" ! Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 228.

" Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 284.

Toxopiieustes tuberculatns] Agass. 1841. An Genre Ech. Val., p. IX. (pars.)
Toxopneustes " ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 367. (pars.)

" ! Du.J. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 532.

Echinus Delalandi ! Val. 1846. Agass. C. R. Ann. Sc. N., VI , p. 367. New Holland.
Toxopncustes Delalandi \ Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. N., VI. p. 367.

" Du.J. HupE", 1862. Echin , p. 532.

Toxocidaris " ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 22.

Toxocidaris " ! A. Agass. 1863. Proc. A. N. S. Phila , p. 356

Euryechinus " Verrill, 1866. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.

♦Port Jackson (Stimpson, Smithson. Coll.) ; *Hobson's Bay (Edwards) ; Chili ! (J. d. P.)
♦Samoa Islands (Mus. Godeff.); Bass Straits! Van Diemen's Land! Bondy Head! Sidney!
Torres Straits! (Brit. Mus.).

Strongylocentrotus franciscanus

Toxocidaris franciscana ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 22. San Francisco.
Toxocidaris globulosa ! A. Agass. 1863. Proc. A. N. S. Phila., p. 356. Keelung. Hakodadi.

♦Keeking, Formosa (Stimpson, Smithson. Coll.); ? Sidney! (Brit. Mus.); # San Francisco
(Cary) ; # San Diego (Jewett) ; ♦Mendocino (A. Agassiz); Puget Sound! (Smithson. Coll.);
Columbia River! (Brit. Mus.) ; Hakodadi ! (Smithson. Inst.).

Strongylocentrotus Gaimardi

Echinus Gaimardi ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. S. N. O., p. 86. Rio.
Gaimardi! Blainv. 1834. Actin., p. 228.

" " Desml. 1837. Syn, p. 280.

" aciculatus ! Hupe", 1856. Castelnau Voyage, Am. Sud. Zooph., p. 97, PL If 2. Brazil.
Psammechinus aciculatus! Du.l. Heps', 1862. Echin., p. 528.

♦Desterro (Fitz Miiller) ; Brazil! (J. d. P.); ♦Brazil (Hartt, Copeland, Thayer Exp); Rio,
Bahia (Mus. Copen.).

1G4 SYNONYMY.

Strongylocentrotus gibbosus

Echinus gibbosus ! Val. (MS. Mus. Paris).

Toxopneustes gibbosus \ Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. N., VI. p. 367. Galapagos.

Sphaerechinus " ! Duj. Hup^, 1862. Echin., p. 530.

Euryechiiius gibbus! Verrill, 1866. Proc. Bost. Soe. N. II., p. 341. Peru.

Euryechinus imbecillis! Verrill, 1867. Notes Radiata, p. 805. Callao.

Echinus conicus ! Trosch. (MS. Mus. Frankfort.)

♦Galapagos, *Chili (J. d. P.) ; *Callao, Paita (Bradley, Yale Coll.) ; *Feejee Islands?

Strongylocentrotus intermedins

Psanttm chinus intermedius ! Barn. 1863, in A. Agass. Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., p. 357. Hakodadi.
Boletia radiata ! Mart. 1866. Wieg. Archiv, I. p. 186. Naryasaki.
Toxopneustes grandiporus Lutk. (MS. Mus. Copenh ). Seghalion.

*Ousima (W. Stimpson, Sraithson. Coll.); *Seghalion (II. A. Pierce); *New Holland.

Strongylocentrotus lividus

Klein, 1734. Nat. Disp. Ech,, PL XXX. f. C, D; PL XXXI. f. A, B.

Echinus saxaiilis Link. 1758. Syst Mat. p. 664, Ed. X. (non Romph. nee Mull.).
" " Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst, 3171.

" Tied. 1816. Anat d. Rohren. Hoi, PL X.
" lividus! Lamk. 1816. An. S. Vert., p. 50. Mediterranean.
" lividus ! Bi.ai.n v. 1825. Diet. Sc. N., p. 88.
" " ! Blainv. 1834. A. tin-, p. 228.

" ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 23.
Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 282.
Ei.w. in Civ. Beg. An. Ed. 111., PI. XI. f. 2-4.
" " !? Forbes, 1841. Brit Start'., p. 167,/

Strongylocentrotus lividvs Brandt, 1835 Prod.

Echinus " ! Val. 1841. Anat. Genre Echin., PI. If. l-S, et passim, PL II -IX.

Toxopneustes " ! AGASS. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 367.

" Erohn, 1849. Ecbinod. Larv., /'/. (Pluteus.)
" Sars, 1857. Middelh. Litt fauna, p. 162.
" " ! lH.i. Urn;, 1862. Echin., p. 532.

" Muix. 1858. Abhandl.IV., PI. VI. f. 7-U; PLVIl.f.1-8. (Pluteus.)
« Bronx, 1859. Kt.. a. O. Actin, p. 333. PI XXXVII. f. 4-15: PL

XXXVIII.; PL XL f. 1-19.
" Mf.tciixi. 1870. Ncin. u. Eehinod., /'/. VII. f. 1-7: PL VIII. f. S, 9.
(Pluteus.)
Euryechiiius " ! Verrill, 1866. Proc. Boston S. N. II., p. 341.

Ech in us vulgaris ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. Nat. O., p. 86.
" vulgaris I Blainv. 1834. Actin.. p. 228.
" " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 23.

Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 278.
" purpureus Risso, 1826. Europ. Merid., V. p. 277 (non Gmel.).
Gray, 1848. Brit. Rad., p. 4.
Toxopneustes concavus ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 367.

concavus\ Duj. Hope", 1862. Echin., p. 532.
Echinus complanatus '. Val. (MS. Mus. Paris).

T(>j(ijmcu.ite.i ctimplanalus ! Agass. 1846. ('. 1!. Ann. S. Nat., VI. p 367.
! Duj. IUte". 1862. Echin , p. 532.
" mammillatus ! Mich. (MS. Mus. Ecol. Min. Paris).

*Finistere, *Loire (Caillaud) ; *Nice (Verany, Bnrkhardt) ; *Cette (Lyman); *Spezzia; *W.
coast Italy (Rigacci) ; *Fayal (Dabney, Higginson) ; *Lanzerote (Haeckel) ; Triest, Messina
(Sars); Marseilles (Miiller) ; So. England (Forbes).

SYNONYMY. 165

Strongylocentrotus mexicanus

Toxocidaris mexicana ! (A. Agass.) 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 22 (non Hel. mex. Ac;.). Acapulco.
Toxocidaris mexicana'. Vekkill, 1871. Notes Radiata, p. 584.
Toxopneustes sp. ! Verrill, 1867. Notes Radiata, p. 307.

*Cape St. Lucas, Gulf of California ! (Xanthus, Smiihson. Coll.).

Strongylocentrotus nudus

Toxocidaris nuda 1 A. Agass. 1863. Proc A. N. S. Phila., p. 356. Hilo. Nipbon.

# Sandwich Islands, N. End Niphon (W. Stimpson).

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Echinus purpuratus ! Stimps. 1857. Crust. Echin. Pac. Coast, p. 86. San Francisco.
Loxechinus purpuratus\ A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 23. Mendocino.

« " ! A. Agass. 1863. Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., p. 357.

Echinometra No. 274! Perrier, 1869. Pedic.

♦California ; *Crescent City, *Mendocino, *San Francisco (A. Agassiz) ; Puget Sound !
(Smithson. Coll.).

Strongylocentrotus tuberculatus

Echinus tuberculatus ! Lamk. 1816. A. s. Vert., p. 50. (pars.) So. Pacific.
Strongylocentrotus tuberculatus Br. 1835 Prod.

Toxnpneustes tuberculatus Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann Se Nat., VI. p. 367. (pars.)
Echinus omalostoma ! Val. 1846. Voyage Venus, Zooph., PL VI./.S. New Zealand.
Heliocidaris omalostoma ! Des. 1846. Agass. C. R. Ann. Sc. N., VI. p. 372. China.
Heliocidaris " ! Du.J. I1upe\ 1862 Echin., p. 537.

Anthocidaris hmnalostomal Lutk. 1864. Bid., p. 165.
Toxocidaris homalosioma Verrii.l, 1871. Proc. Conn. Acad., I.

Toxocidaris crassispina ! A. Agass. 1863. Proc. A. N. S. Phila., p. 356. Hong Kong.
" purpurea! Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch., p. 137. Nagasaki.

*Hakodadi (W. Stimpson, Dall, Smithson. Coll.) ; *Kanagawa (Heco); "Yokohama (Salmin) ;
*Hong Kong (Behm, Kiel Mus.) ; Japan (Ecol. Min.) ; Nagasaki! (Martens, Mus. Berl.) ; New
Holland ! (Mus. Copenh.) ; New Zealand ! China ! Galapagos ! (J. d. P.).

TEMNECHINUS.

Temnechiuus Forbes, 1852. Monog. Echinod, Brit. Tertiaries.
Genocidaris A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I.

Temnechinus maculatus

Genocidaris maculata ! A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I. 262. Straits of Florida.

*OfT Tortugas, 30, 34, 35, 37, 60, 68 fms., *off Alligator Reef, 79, 88, 138, 147, fms., *S. W.
Sand Key, 10, 119, 125, 138 fms, *off Conch Reef, 9, 30, 39, 49, 77, 169 fms., *Florida Gulf
Stream, 16, 75 fms., *off Carysfort Reef, 40, 48, 60, 63 fms., *otf Tennessee Reef, 115 fms.,
*off Elbow Reef, 75 fms., *off French Reef, 147 fms., *Key West, off Sand Beach, 5 fms.,
(Pourtales) ; Josephine Bank ! 600 fms. (Mus. Stock.).

166 SYNONYMY.

TEMNOPLEURUS.

Cidaris Klein, 1734. Nat. Disp. Echin. (pars.)
Echinus Lamk. 181G. An. s. Vert, (pars.)
Temnopleurus Ac; ass. 1841. Mon. Scut. In trod.
Temnoplt urus Agass. 1841. Val. Anat. Genre Echin.
Toreumatica Gray, 1855. Proc. Zodl. Soe. London, (pars.)
Tori umatica A. Agass. 1863. Proc. A. N. S. riiila. (pars.)
Microcyphus A. Agass. 1863. Proc. A. N. S. Phila.
Temnotrema A. Agass. 1863. Proc. A N. S. Phila.

Temnopleurus Hardwickii

Toreumatica Hardwickii ! Gray, 1855. Proc. Zobl. Soe. London, p. 39.
Microcyphus elegans ! A. Agass. 1863. Proc. Phil. Acad. N. S. p. 357. Yedo.
Temnopleurus japonicus I Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch., p. 133. Hakodadi. Jesso.
Temnotrema sculpta A. Agass. 1863. Proc. Ac. N. S. Phila., p. 358. Japan.

*E. coast Niphon (Stimpson, Smithson. Coll.); *Japan (Salmin) ; Hakodadi! (Stimpson,
Smithson. Coll.); "Yokohama (Berl. Mus.) ; Nagasaki! Yedo! (Berlin Mus.); Unalaska! (Dall,
Sinith.son. Coll.) ; *Kagosima (Stimpson, Smithson. Coll.).

Temnopleurus Reynaudi

Temnoplt urus Reynaudi ! AGASS. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 360. Ceylon.

» Reynaudi I Du J. Hurt, 1862. Echin., p. 514. China.

Toreumatica Reevesii ! Gray, 1855. Proc. Zool. Soe. London, p. 39 (non Temn. Rccv. A. Ac.).
Toreumatica granulosa ! Gray, 1855. Proc V.,n>\ Soe. London, p. 39.
Toreumatica concaval A. Agass. ist;:;. Proc. A. X s. Phila, p. 358 (non Gray). Hong Kong.

*Ceylon (Humbert, Loriol) ; *Hong Kong (Putnam); Isle Ncgros ! China! (Riit. Mus.);
Malacca ! (J. d. P.) ; Burmah ! (Acad. N. S. Phila.); No. China Sea.-! (Stimpson, Smithson.
Coll.).

Temnopleurus toreumaticus

Cidaris toreumatica ! Klein, 1 734. Nat. Pisp. Ech., p. 64, PI. X. f. E.
Cidaris toreumatica Lbskk, 1778. Kl. Add., p. 155, /'/. X.f. E.
Echinus toreumaticus Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst N., 8180.
" " ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc. Nat O., p. 82.

" ! Blainv. 1884. Actin., p. 227.
" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 274.

" ! Val. 1846. Voyage Venus, Zooph., PI. J.f. 1.
Temnopleurus toreumaticusi Agass. 1841. Mon. Scut
Temnopleurus " ! Agass. 1841. Val. AnaU Genre Echin., p. VII.

" " ! Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 860, PI. X V. f. .9. Bombay.

" " DksOR, 1856. Synops. Echin. fcs., p. 108, /'/. AT//. / 8-10.

" " I Doj. Hurt, 1862. Echin., p. 514.

" " ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 23.

Echinus sculptus ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 47. Indian Ocean ?

sculptus DesLoxg. 1824. Enc. Meth., II. p. 590, PI. CXLIJ. ./'. 4- 6.
Temnopleurus bothryoides\ Agass. 1.X46. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 360. (pars.)

" /,'. - m sii ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 23 (non Tor. R. Gray). Hong Kong.

" " ! A. Agass. 1863. Proc. An. S. Phila., p. 358.

♦Bombay ; *E. India (Phila. Acad.) ; "Philippine Islands (Cotteau) ; *Hong Kong (Putnam) ;
*Siam (Salmin); No. China Sea! (Stimpson, Smithson. Coll.); Karrak Island, Gulf of Persia!
(J. d. P.) ; China! (Mus. Copenb.).

SYNONYMY. 167

TOXOPNEUSTES.

Echinus Lamk. 1816. A. s. Vert, (pars.)

Toxopneustes Agass. 1841. Int. Monog. Scut, (non Agass. 1841, Anat. Eehin.).

Psammechinus Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat.. VI. (pars.)

Boletia Des. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat, VI. p. 362.

Anapesus Holmes, 1860. Post Plioc. foss. So. Ca.

Boletia Agass. 1861. Cont. Nat. H. U. S., I. p. 97.

Lytechinus A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I.

Psilechinus Lutk. 1864. Bid.

Lytechinus Verrill, 1867. Notes Radiata.

Boletia Verrill, 1871. (pars.)

Hemiechinus Girard, MS.

Toxopneustes maculatus

Gdalteri, 1742. PL CVII.f. M.

Seba, 1 758. Thes., III. PL XI. f. e, S.

Echinus maculatus ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 46. Indian Ocean ?

" maculatusl Blainv. 1825. Diet. S. N. O., p. 87.

" " ! Blmnv. 1834. Actinol., p. 228.

" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 280.

Boletia maculatal Des. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 363.
Boletia " ! Du.j. Hupe", 1862. Eehin., p. 534, PI. IX f. 9.

Echinus depressus ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. S. N. O., p. 84.

" depressus ! Blainv. 1834. Actinol., p. 228.

" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 276.

" i Val. 1846. Voyage Venus, Zooph., PI. III./. 1.
Hemiechinus depressus ! Gir. MS.

♦Christmas Island (J. D. Hague) ; Bourbon ! (Ecol. Mill.).

Toxopneustes pileolus

Echinus pileolus ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 45. Isle de France.
" pileolus\ Blainv. 1825. Diet. S. N. O., p. 90.
" " ! Blainv. 1834. Actinol., p. 228.

" " ! Agass. 1836. Prod., p. 23.

" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 284.

" ! Mich. 1845. Rev. Mag. Zobl., p. 9.
" ! Val. 1846. Voyage Venus, Zooph., Pis. VIII., IX.
Boletia « ! Des. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 362.
Boletia " Mull. 1854. Bau d. Eehin., PL II. f. 3.

Bronn, 1859. Klassen u. Ord. Actin., PL XXXIX. f. 7.
" ! Duj. Hupe", 1862. Eehin., p. 534, PL IX. f. 4.
" " ! Perrier, 1869. Pedie., p. 157.

Toxopneustes pileolus Agass. 1841. Int. Mon. Scut.
Echinus polizonalis ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 45.
" polizonalis\ Blainv. 1825. Diet. S. N. O., p. 84.
" " ! Blainv. 1834. Actinol., p. 228.

" " Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 276.

Boletia " ! Mart. 1866. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 162. Molucca. Timor.

Echinus obtusangulus ! Lamk. 1816. An. s. Vert., p. 46. Indian Ocean.
Boletia heteropora ! Des. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 362. Indian Ocean.
Boletia heteroporal Dim. HupE", 1862. Eehin., p. 534.

168 SYNONYMY.

Toxopneustes pileolus (continued).

Echinus trizonalis ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. S. N. Oursin, p. 84.

" trizonalis ! Blainv. 1834. Actinol., p. 228.
Desml. 1837. Svn., p. 276.
Boletia bizonata '. Des. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc Nat., VI. p. 363.
Boleiia bizonata I Dim. Hupe", 1862. Echin., p. 535.

" rosea! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p 24. Acapulco.

" rosea\ Verrill, 1871. Notes Radiata, p. 583.

" picta 1 Verrill, 1871. Trans. Con. Acad., I p. 581. Gulf of California. LaPaz.
Lytechinus roseusl Verrill, 1867. Notes Radiata, p. 302. Panama Bay.

♦Mauritius (Pike); Muscat! (Cook, Essex Inst.); East India! Seychelles! (J. d. P.) ; New
Caledonia! (Crosse); Philippine Islands! (Semper); Keeling! (Stockholm); *Feejee Islands
(Mus. GodefE); Gulf of Persia! Bourbon ! (Ecol. Min.) ; Timor, Molucca (Martens); Siguigor!
(Brit. Mus.) ; Japan! (Smithson. Coll.) ; *Acapulco (A. Agassiz) ; *Pearl Islands (Bradley, Yale
Coll.); Mazatlan! (Vienna, Stockholm, Copenh. Mus.) ; Panama! La Paz! (Yale Coll.).

Toxopneustes semituberculatus

Echinus semituberculatus ! Val. is Hi in Agass. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VI. p. 308.
Psamrnechinus semituberculatus '. Ai; iss. lsn;. ('. 11. Ann. Se. Nat., VI. p. 368. Galapa
Psammechinus semituberculatus \ Dr.i. Hite", 1862. Echin, p. 527.
lytechinus " I A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M ('. '/.., I. p. 301.

Schizechiuus " Pomel, 1869. Revue d. Echin., p. XLII.

Psammechinus pictus I Verrill, 1867. Notes Radiata, p. 301. Cape St. Lucas.
Boletia picta ! Verklll, 1871. Notes Radiata, p. 581. (pars.) La Paz.

*Galapagos Islands; W. coast Cent. Am. ! (Stockholm, Bonn Mus.); *Cape St. Lucas (Xan-
thus, Smithson. Coll.).

Tcxopneustes variegatus

GUALTERL. 1742. In.l.x Tcrt.. PI (VII. f. F.

Echinus variegatus \ (Lam.) 1816. An. b. Vert., p. 4H (nun Cid. varieg. Leske). St. Domingo.

" variegatus \ Blainv. 1825. Diet Sc. Nat < >.. p. 83.

" " Sat, 1827. Jour. Ac. N. S. Pbila.p. 225.

" BLAINV. 1X34. A. tin., p. 227.

" " ! Agass. 18S6. Prod., p. 23.

" Desml. 1837. Syn., p. 276.

! Rav. 1848. Cat" Ech. So. Cs
Psammechinus variegatus] Agass. IsiG. C. It. Ann. Sc Nat.. VI. p. 368. Yucatan.
Psammechinus " ! Duj. HcrB". 1862. Echin, p. 527.

" ! Pkrsier, 1869. Pedic , p. M !».
Lytechinus " I A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z, J. p. 24. Cienfiiegos. Havti.

Lytechinus " I Verrill, 1867. Notes Had. p. 369. Cape Frio. Porto Seguro.

" " ! A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 264. No. Carolina.

Psilechinus " ! LiJTK. 1864. Bid., p. 93.

Echinus excavatus ! Blainv. 1825. Diet. Sc Nat. O., p. 83.

excavatus ! Blainv. 1K34. Actio., p. 227.
Psammechinus excavatus\ Agass. 1846. C. R. Ann. Sc Nat., VI. p. 369. Martinique. Brazil.
Psammechinus " ! Dim. Href;. 1862. Echin., p. 527.

Echinus Blainvillei Desml. 1837. Svn., p. 276.
? Psammechinus exoletus McCradt, 1857. Plioc. Foss. So. Ca., PI. II. f. G.
Anapesus carolinus! Holmes, 1860. Post Plioc. Foss. So. Ca., PI. II. f. ;?. So. Carol'na.
Lytechinus carol in us ! A. Agass. 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 24. Georgia. Florida.

" atlanticus ! A. Agass 1863. Bull. M. C. Z.. I. p. 24. Bermudas.

Hemiechinus nobilis Gin. MS. Mas. Smiths, (teste Verrill).

SYNONYMY. 169

Toxopneustes variegatus (continued).

Schizechinus variegatus Po.mel, 1869. Rev. d. Echin., p. XLII.
" excavatus Pomel, 1869. Rev. d. Echin., p. XLII.

Echinus flammeus MS. (E. M.)

*W. Indies (Ames) ; * Jamaica (Adams) ; *Hayti (Weinland, Uhler) ; *St. Thomas (Thayer
Ex.); *Cienfuegos, Cuba (Aviles) ; *Captiva Key, Fla. (Wiirdeman); *Port au Prince (Acker-
man) ; *Rio Janeiro (Agassiz, Thayer Exp.) ; *Armacao, *Bahia, *Porto vSeguro (Hartt & Cope-
land, Thayer Exp.) ; *Cape Fear Riv. Bar, 7 fms, *Florida Gulf Stream, 34 fms., *off Sand Key,
24 Cms., *Tortugas, 5-7 fms., *Florida Reef (Pourtales) ; *Cape Florida (Wiirdeman) ; *Gulf of
Mexico; *Charleston, S. C. (Agassiz, Gibbes) ; *Tampa Bay (Conrad) ; *Isle of Britain, Mouth of
Miss. (Peiice) ; *Beaufort, N. C. (Bickmore) ; *Bermudas (Hammond, Bic.kmore) ; Martinique!
Guadeloupe ! (J. d. P.) ; Yucatan ! (Ecol. Min.) ; Cuba ! ( Arango) ; Cape Frio, Vittoria (Hartt).

TRIGONOCIDARIS.

Trigoaocidaris A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I.

Trigonocidaris albida

Trigonocidaris albida ! A. Agass. 1869. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 263. Straits Florida.

♦Florida Gulf Stream, 98, 123, 125, 130, 138 fms., *off Conch Reef, 40 fms., *off Sand Key,
119, 120, 129, 138, 154 fms., *off Samboes, 125 fms., *offKey West, 135 fms., *off Havana, 270
fms., *off Sombrero, 125 fms. (Pourtales).

(HEMIASTER.) Tripylus.

Tripylus Phil. 1845. AVieg. Arch., I.
Agassizia Agass. 184 7. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VIII. (pars)
Brissopsis Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VIII. (pars.)
Faorina Gray, 1851. Ann. Mag. N. H., VII. (pars)
Hamaxitus Trosch. 1851. Wieg. Arch.

Tripylus excavatus

Tripylus excavatus ! Phil. 1845. Wieg. Arch., I. p. 344, PL XI. f. 1. So. Extrem. So. Am.
Tripylus (Hamaxitus) excavatus] Trosch. 1851. Wieg. Arch., p. 72.

" excavatus ! Gray, 1855. Cat. Rec. Echin , p. 59. So. Extrem So. Am.
Agassizia excavatal Agass. 1847. C. R. Ann. Sc. Nat., VIII. p. 20.
Brissopsis " ! Duj. Hope", 1862. Echin., p. 597.

*M. C. Z. ; Straits of Magellan ! (Brit. Mus., Cunningham); So. Extrem. So. Am.! (Brit.
Mus.); Chili! (Philippi).

SYNONYMIC INDEX,

Abatus Trosch. 1851.

australis Trosch. Hemiasler australis A. Ac, 132.

cavernosus Trosch. Hemiaster cavernosus A. Ag , 132.
Acrocidaris Agass. 1840.
Acrocladia Agass. 1840.

Blainvillei Agass. Heterocentrotus mammillatas Br., 133.

cuspidata A. Agass. Heterocentrotus trigonarius Br., 134.

hastifera Agass. Heterocentrotus mammillatus Br., 1 33.

mammillata Agass. Heterocentrotus mammillatus Br., 133.

planissima Mart. Heterocentrotus mammillatus Br., 133.

serialis Val. Perr. Heterocentrotus mammillatus Br., 133.

subviridis Mich. MS. Heterocentrotus trigonarius Br., 134.

trigonaria Agass. Heterocentrotus trigonarius Br., 134.

violacea Pkrrier. Heterocentrotus trigonarius, Br. 134.

yanthina Mich. MS. Heterocentrotus trigonarius Br., 134.
Acropeltis Agass. 1840.
Acrosalenia Agass. 1840.
Agarites Agass. 1841.

Dufresnii Agass. Arbacia Dufresnii Gray, 91.

grandinosus Val. Arbacia pustulosa Gray, 92.

loculata Agass. Arbacia pustulosa Gray, 92.

punctulata Agass. Arbacia punctulata Gray, 91.

purpurescens Val. Arbacia nigra A. Ag., 91.

spatuliger Val. Arbacia spaluligera A. Ag., 93.

stellala Agass. Arbacia stel/ata Gray, 93.
Agassizia Val. 1846.

excavata Des. Tripylus excavatus Phil., 169.

excentrica A. Ag. Agassizia excentrica A. Ac, 88.

ovulum Lutk. Agassizia scrobiculata Val., 88.

porifera McCr. Agassizia excentrica A. Ac, 88.

scrobiculata Val. Agassizia scrobiculata Val., 88.

subrotunda Gray. Agassizia scrobiculata Val., 88.
Amblypneustes Agass. 1841.

formosus Val. Amblypneustes formosus Val., 88.

griseus Agass. Amblypneustes griseus Ac, 89.

inflatus Lutk. Holopneustes inflatus A. Ag., 136.

ovum Agass. Amblypneustes ovum Ag., 89.

pallidas Val. Amblypneustes pallidus Val., 89.

pentagonus A. Agass. Amblypneustes pentagonus A. Ag., 89.

purpurescens Lutk. Holopneustes purpurescens A. Ac, 136.

scalaris Agass. Amblypneustes formosus Val., 88.

serialis Agass. Amblypneustes ovum Ac, 89.

textilis Agass. Amblypneustes ovum Ag., 89.

172 SYNONYMIC INDEX.

Amblypygus agass. 1840.
Amphidetus Agass. 1836.

ampliforus McCn. Echinocardium conlatum Gray, 110.

conlalus Dub. o. Koh. Echinocardium cordatum Gray, 109.

Gaimardi Per. ?

gibbosus Agass. Echinocardium medilerraneum Gray, 110.

gothicus Raw Echinocardium cordatum Gray 110.

Kurtzii GlRARD. Echinocardium cordatum, Gray 110.

mediterraneus Forbes. Echinocardium medilerraneum Gray, 110

Noveae Zelandice Per. Echinocardium australe Gray, 109.

ocatus Dob. o. Kor. Echinocardium flavescens A. Agass, 110.

orthonotus McCr. Echinocardium pennatifidum 111.

pusillus Agass. Echinocardium cordatum A. Agass., 109.

Sebae Agass. Echinocardium cordatum Gray, 109.

virginianus Forbes. Echinocardium pennatifidum Norm., 111.
Amphidotus Forbes, 1841 (err. typ.) Amphidetus Ag.

cordatus Forbes. Echinocardium cordatum Gray, 109.

gibbosus Barrett. Echinocardium pennatifidum Norm., 111.

roseus Forbes. Echinocardium Jiavescens A. Agass., 110.
Amphiope Agass. 1840.
Amphisalenia Pomel, 1869.
Amygdala Leske, 1778.
Ananchytes Mercati, 1717.
Anapesus Holmes, I860, (uon Anaperus Trosch.)

carolinus Holmes. Toxopneustes varieyatus A. Agass., 168.
Anaster Sism. 1841.
Anochanus Gkube, 18G8.

sinensis GRUBE. Anochanus sinensis Grube, 89.
Anorthopygus Cott. 1859.
Anthechinus A. Agass. 1863.

roseus A. Agass. Microi -gph us maculatus Agass., 146.
Anthocidaris Lutk. 1864.

eurythrogramma Lutk. Strongylocenlrotus eurylhrogrammus A. Agass., 163.

homalosloma Lutk Strongylocentrotus tuberculatus Br., 165.

Arachnoides Klein, 1734.

placenta AGass. Arachnoides placenta Ac; \s>.. no.

Zelaudkc Gray. Arachnoides placenta Agass, 90.
Arbacia (Agass.) 1840 non Gray.
Arbacia Gray, 1835.

aequitubercidata A. Agass. Arbacia pustulosa Gray, 92.

Dufresnii Gray. Arbacia Dufresnii Gray, 91.

equituberculata (in.w. Arbacia pustulosa Gray, 92.

loculata Gray. Arbacia pustulosa Gray, 92.

nigra A. Ag. Arbacia nigra A. Ag., 91.

punctulata Gray. Arbacia puncluiata Gray, 91.

pustulosa Gray. Arbacia pustulosa Gray, 92.

Schythei Phil. Arbacia Dufresnii Gray, 91.

spatuligera A. Agass. Arbacia spatuligera A. Agass., 9.3.

stellata Gray. Arbacia sU data Gray, 93.
Arbacina Pomel, 1869.
Archaeocidaris McCoy, 1844.
Archiacia Agass., 1847.
Asterodaspis Conrad, 1856.

Asteropyga Des. 1855 (err. typ.) Astropyga Gray.
Asterostoma Agass. 1847.
Asterocidaris Cott. 1859.

SYNONYMIC INDEX. 173

Asthenosoma Grube, 1867.

hystrix A. Ag. Asthenosoma hystrix A. Ag. 93.

varium Grube. Asthenosoma varium Grube, 93.
Astriclypeus Verrill, 1867.

Manni Vf.rrill. Astriclypeus Manni Verrill, 93.
Astropyga Gray, 1825.

calamaria Agass. Echinothrix calamaris A. Agass , 120

depressa Gray. Astropyga puivinata Agass., 94.

Desorii Agass. Echinothrix Desorii Pet., 120.

dubia Peters. Astropyga puivinata Agass., 94.

major Bolsche. Astropyga radiata Gray, 94.

mossambica Peters. Astropyga radiata Gray', 94.

pulvinata Agass. Astropyga puivinata Agass., 94.

radiata Gray. Astropyga radiata Gray, 94.

spinosissima Agass. Echinothrix turcarum Pet., 121.

subularis Agass. Echinothrix turcarum Pet., 121.

venusta Verrill. Astropyga pulrinata Agass., 94.
Atrapus Tkosch. 18.51.

grandis Troscii. Faorina chinensis Gray, 129.

Bolbaster Pomel, 1869.
Boletia Des. 1846.

bizonata Des. Toxopneustes pileolus Agass., 168.

granulata A. Agass. Pseutloboletia granulata A. Agass., 153.

heteropora Des. Toxopneustes pileolus Agass., 167.

metadata Des. Toxopneustes maculatus A. Agass., 167.

picta Verrill. Toxopneustes pileolus Agass., 168.

pileolus Des. Toxopneustes pileolus Agass., 16 7.

polizonalis Mart. Toxopneustes pileolus Agass., 167.

radiata Mart. Slrongylocentrotus intermedins A. Agass., 164.

rosea A. Agass. Toxopneustes pileolus Agass, 168.

viridis Verrill. Evechinus chloroticus Verrill, 128.
Botriopygus D'Obbig. 1855.
Breynia Des. 1847.

Australasiae Gray. Breynia Australasiae Gray, 95.

Crux Andreae Agass. Breynia Australasiae Gray', 95.

Desorii Gray'. Breynia Australasiae Gray', 95.

Leachei Gray, MS. Breynia Australasiae Gray', 95.

nigra Per. Meoma grandis Gray', 142.
Brisaster Gray, 1855.

cnbensis Gray. Meoma ventricosa Lutk., 143.

fragilis Gray. Schizaster fragilis Agass., 157.

gibberulus Gray. Schizaster gibberulus Agass., 158.
Brissoides Klein, 1734.
Brissopsis Agass. 1840.

australis Agass. Hemiaster australis A. Agass, 132.

cavernosa Agass. Hemiaster cavernosus A. Agass., 132.

excavatus D. & H. Tripylus excavatus Phil., 169.

luzonica A. Agass. Brissopsis luzonica A. Agass., 95.

lyrifera Agass. Brissopsis lyrifera Agass., 95.

parma Per. Brissopsis lyrifera Agass., 96.

Philippii D. & H. Schizaster Philippii A. Agass., 158.

poriferus Rav. Agassizia excentrica A. Agass., 88.

pulrinata Lutk. Brissopsis lyrifera Agass., 95.

Brissiopsis Gray, 1848 (err. typ.) Brissopsis Agass.
lyrifera Gray, 1848. Brissopsis lyrifera Agass., 96.

174 SYNONYMIC INDEX.

Brissospatagus Cott. 1863.
Brissus Klein, 1734.

areolatus Val. Metalia sternalis (Irat, 145.

bicinctus Val. Metalia sternalis Gray, 14. r >.

carinatus Gray. Brissus carinatus Gray, 96.

carinatus Risso. Brissus unicolor Klein, 97.

columbaris Gray. Brissus unicolor Klein, 97.

columbarius Gray. Brissus unicolor Klein, 97.

compressus Agass. Metalia maculosa A. Agass., 144.

dimidiatus Agass. Brissus unicolor Klein, 97.

fragilis Dub. o Ivor. Schizaster fragilis Agass., 157.

lyrifer Forbes. Brissopsis hjrifera Agass., 95.

maculosus Leske. Metalia maculosa A. Agass. 1 11.

obesus Verrill. Brissus obesus Verrill, 96.

ovatus Leske. Maretia planulata Gray, 140.

panis Grube. Meoma ventricosa Lij tk., 143.

pcctoralis Agass. Metalia pectoralis A. Agass., 144.

placenta Phil. Brissus unicolor Klein, 96.

pulvinatus Phil. Brissopsis lyrifera Agass., 96.

Scillae Agass. Brissus unicolor Klein, 96.

spatiosus McCu. Meoma ventricosa Lutk., 143.

sternalis Agass. Metalia st>rnrili.< Gray, 145.

unicolor Klein. Brissus unicolor Klein, 97.

ventricosus Gray. M,<<tu<i ventricosa Lutk., 143.
Bryssus Martens, 1869 (err. typ.) Brissus.

bicinctus Mart. Metalia sternalis Gray, 14.">.

carinatus Mart. Brissus carinatus Gray, 96.

compressus Maui. Metalia maculosa A. Agass., 144.

sternalis Mart. Metalia sternalis Gray, 145.

Caenopedina A. Ai.ass. 1869.

cubensis A. Agass. Hemipedina cubensis A. Agass., 13*2.
Calmarius Gray, MS.

annellata Gray, MS. Diadema setosum Gray, 104.
Calveria Thoms. 1869.

hystrix Thoms. Asthenosoma hystrix A. Agass., 93.
Campana Leske (V. P.), 177.S.
Caratomus Agass. 1840.
Cardiaster Forbes, 1850.
Carduum Leske (V. P.) 177M.

marinum Leske (V. P.). Echinus acutus Lam., 121.
Cassidulus Lam. 1801.

australis Lam. Rhynchopygus carihaearttm Lutk., 153.

caribaearum Lam. Rhynchopygus caribaearttm Lutk., 153.

guadeloupensis Duch. Rhynchopygus caribaearum Lutk., 153.

Richardii DesLong. llhyuchopygus caribaearum Lutk., 153.
Cassis Klein, 1734.
Catopygus Agass. 1836.
Centropygus Ebray, 1858.
Centrostephanus Peters, 1855.

coronalus A. Agass. Centrostephanus coronatus A. Agass., 97.

longispinus Peters. Centrostephanus Inni/ispinus Peters, 98.

Rodcjersii A. Agass. Centrostephanus Rodgersii A. Agass., 98.
Chaetodiscus Litk. 1864.

scutella Lutk. Echinarachnius mirabilis A. Agass., 107.
Chondrocidaris A. Agass. 1863.

gigantea A. Agass. Phyllacantlius gigantea A. Agass., 151.

SYNONYMIC INDEX. 175

Chrysomelon Laube, 1868.

Cidarella Desml. 1837. Salenia, 155.

Cidaris Klein, 1734.

affinis Phil. Dorocidaris papillala A. Agass., 105.

angulosa Leske. Hipponoe variegala A. Agass., 135.

annulata A. Agass. Cidaris tribuloides Blainv., 99.

aunulata Gray. Phyllacanthus annulifera A. Agass., 150.

annulifera Agass. Phyllacanthus annulifera A. Agass., 150.

antillarum Phil. Diadema setosum Gray, 104.

araneiformis Leske. Echinothrix turcarum Peters, 120.

assulata pustulosa Klein. Arbacia pustulosa Gray, 92.

Basteri Leske. Echinus acutus Lamk., 121.

bispinosa Agass. Stephanocidaris bispinosa A. Agass., 160.

borealis D. & K. Dorocidaris papillala A. Agass., 105.

bothryoides Klein. Microcyphus zigzag Agass., 146.

bothryoid.es Agass. Pleurechinus bothryoides Agass., 152.

calamaria Blainv. Echinothrix calamaris A. Agass., 120.

calamaris Leske. Echinothrix calamaris A. Agass., 119.

Callao Perriek. Cidaris Thouarsii Val., 98.

canaliculars Rouss. MS. Phyllacanthus dubia Br., 150

circinnata Mart. MS. Phyllacanthus annulifera A. Agass., 150.

Danae Agass. Cidaris Thouarsii Val., 98.

diadema Bl. Diadema setosum Gray, 103.

dubia Desml. Phyllacanthus dubia Br., 150.

esculenta Leske. Hipponoe esculenta A. Agass., 135.

fenestrata Leske. Echinometra subangularis Desml., 116.

flammea Leske. ?

fusligera Mart. Phyllacanthus imperialis Br., 151.

Gaimardii Rouss. MS. Phyllacanthus imperialis Br., 151.

geranioides Blainv. Goniocidaris yeranioides Agass., 131.

granulata Leske. Mespilia globulus Agass., 143.

granulata Agass. Holopneustes porosissimus Agass., 136.

hemisphaerica Leske. Echinus csculenlus Linn., 123.

hyslrix Bl. Dorocidaris papillala A. Agass., 105.

imperialis Gray. Phyllacanthus imperialis Br. 151.

Krohnii Agass. Phyllacanthus baculosa A. Agass., 150.

lima Val. Phyllacanthus baculosa A. Agass., 150.

longispina Phil. Centrostephanus longispinus Pet., 98.

lucunter Leske. Echinometra lucunter Blainv., 115.

mammillata Klein. Heterocentrotus niummillatus Br., 133.

mauri Klein. Phyllacanthus imperialis Br., 151.

metularia Blainv. Cidaris melularia Bl., 98.

metularia Lutk. Cidaris tribuloides Blainv., 99.

ornata Gray. Phyllacanthus annulifera A. Agass., 150.

papillata Leske. Dorocidaris papillala A. Agass., 105.

pistillaris Bl. Phyllacanthus bacidosa A. Agass., 150.

pustulosa Leske. Arbacia pustulosa Gray, 92.

radiata Leske. Astropyga radiata Gray, 94.

rosaceus Rouss. Phyllacanthus annulifera A. Agass., 150.

rupestris Leske. ?

sardica Leske. Hipponoe variegata A. Agass., 135.

saxatilis Leske. Echinus miliaris Mull., 125.

spinulosa Gray. Goniocidaris tubaria Lutk., 131.

stellata Leske. ?

Stokesi Agass. Dorocidaris papillata A. Agass., 105.

subangularis Leske. Echinometra subangularis Desml., 116.

tenuispina Phil. Diadema setosum Gray, 103.

Thouarsii Val. Cidaris Thouarsii Val., 98

toreumatica Klein. Temnopleurus toreumaticus Agass., 166.

176 SYNONYMIC INDEX.

Cidaris Klein, 1734 (continued).

tribuloides Blainv. Cidaris tribuloides Bl., 99.

tubaria Agass. Goniocidaris tubaria Lutk., 131.

variegata Leske. Hipponoe variegata A. Agass., 135.

verticillata Desml. Phyllacanthus verticUlala A. Agass., 151.

violacea Leske. Colobocentrotus atratus Br , 102.
Cidarites Leske, 1778.

annulifera Lam. Phyllacanthus annulifera A. Agass., 150.

baculosa Lam. Phyllacanthus baculosa A. Agass., 150.

bispinosa Lam. Stephanocidaris bispinosa A Agass., 160.

calamaria Lam. Echinothrix calamaris A. Agass., 120.

diadema Lam. Diadt ma setosum Gray, 103.

dubia Desml. Phyllacanthus dubia Br., 150.

geranioides Lamk. Goniocidaris geranioides Agass., 181.

hystrix Lamk. Dorocidaris papillata A. Agass., 105.

imperialis Lamk. Phyllacanthus imperialis Br., 151.

metularia Lamk. Cidaris metularia Bl, 98.

papillaris Mich. Phyllacanthus baculosa A. Agass., 150.

papillata Desml. Dorocidaris papillata A. Agass., 105.

pistillaris Lam. Phyllacanthus baculosa A. Agass., 150.

pulvinata Lam. Astropyga pulvinata Agass., 94.

radiata Lam. Astropyga radiata Gray, 94.

spinosissima Lam. Echinothrix turcarum Pet., 120.

subularis Lam. Echinothrix turcarum Pet., 121.

tribuloides Lam. Cidaris tribuloides Hi... 99.

tubaria Lam. Goniocidaris tubaria Lutk , 131.

verticillata Lam. Phyllacanthus verticillata A. Agass., 151.
Cladosalenia A. Agass. MS. Parasalenia, 117.
Claviaster D'Orbig. 1855.
Clypeaster Lam. 1801.

albolineatus MlCH. MS. Echinanthus rosaceus Gray, 106.

ambigena Mich, Clypeaster subdepressus Agass., 101

ambigenus Bl. Clypeaster humilis A. Agass.. 100

Aiistiali.il- Mu ii. MS. Echinanlhus testudinarius GRAY, 107.

Desorii MlCH. MS. Echinanfhus testudinarius Gray, 107.

guadeloupensis Mini. MS. Clypeaster subdepressus Agass., 101.

humilis A. Agass. Clypeaster humilis A. Ag iss., 100.

incurvatus Desml. Echinanthus rosaceus Gray, 106.

laganum Lam. Laganum Bonani Ki.., 137.

oviformis Lam. Echinolampas oviformis Gray, 114.

parvus DoCH. Echinanlhus rosaceus Gray, 106.

pi ntaporus Lam. Mellita testudinata Ki. , 142.

placunarius Agass. Clypeaster humilis A. Agass., 100.

prostratus Rav. Clypeaster subdepressus Agass., 101.

Rangianus Df.sml. Clypeaster subdepressus Agass., 101.

reticulatus Desml. Clypeaster scutiformis Lamk.. 101.

Riisei Lutk. Clypeaster rotundus A. Agass., 100.

rosaceus Lam. Echinanlhus rosaceus Gray, 106.

rotundus A. Agass. Clypeaster rotundus A. Agass., 100.

Rumphii Desml. Clypeaster humilis A. Agass., 100.

Saisseti MlCH. Clypeaster humilis A. Agass., 100.

scutiformis Lam. Clypeaster scutiformis Lamk., 100.

speciosus Yerrill. Echinanlhus testudinarius Gray, 107.

subdepressus Agass. Clypeaster subdepressus Agass., 101.

testudinarius Mart. Echinanthus testudinarius GRAY, 106.

tumidulus Mull. Echinanthus testudinarius Gray, 106.
Clypeolampas Pomel, 1869.

SYNONYMIC INDEX. 177

Clypeopygus DOrbig. 1856.
Clypeus Klein, 1734.
Codechinus Des. 1855.
Codiopsis Agass. 1840.
Coelopleurus Agass. 1840.

Maillardi A. Agass. Coelopleurus Maillardi A. Agass., 102.

sp. A. Agass. Coelopleurus floridanus A. Agass., 102.

floridauus A. Agass. Coelopleurus floridanus A. Agass., 102.
Collyrites Desjil. 1835.
Colobocentrotus Br. 1835.

alratus Br. Colobocentrotus airaius Br., 102.

Leskei Br. Colobocentrotus alratus Br., 103.

Leskei A. Agass. Colobocentrotus Mertensii Br., 103.

Mertensii Br. Colobocentrotus Mertensii Br., 103.

pedifer Br. Colobocentrotus alratus Br., 103.

Quoyi Br. Colobocentrotus alratus Br., 103.
Colobocentrus Gray, 1840 (err. typ.) Colobocentrotus Br.

alratus Mull. Colobocentrotus alratus Br., 102.
Cometa Leske (V. P.), 1778.

magna Leske (V. P.). Astropyga radiala Gray, 94.

parva Leske (V. P.). ?
Conoclypus Agass. 1839.
Conulus Klein, 1734.
Coptosoma Des. 1855.
Cottaldia Des. 1855.
Crustulum Trosch. 1868.

gratulans Trosch. Astriclypeus Manni Verrill, 93.
Cryptopora Mich. MS.

Australiae Mich. MS. Sphaerechinus Australiae A. Agass., 159.
Cyclaster Cott. 1856.
Cyphosoma (Agass.) 1840 (non Mann.).
Cyrtoma M'Glell. 1840.

Dendraster Agass. 1847.

excentricus Agass. Echmarachnius excentricus Val., 107.
Desorella Cott. 1855.

Desoria (Cott.) 1855 (non Agass. nee Gray).
Desoria (Gray) 1851 (non Agass. nee Cotteau).

australis Gray Linthia australis A. Agass., 138.

nodosa Verrill. Linthia australis A. Agass., 138.
Diadema Schynv. 1711.

antillarurn Phil. Diadema setosum Gray, 104.

calamare Mart. Echinothrix calamaris A. Agass., 120.

calamaria Gray'. Echinothrix calamaris A. Agass., 120.

Desjardinsii Mich. Echinothrix turcarum Pet., 121.

Desmarestii Desjil. Stomopneustes variolaris Agass., 161.

europaeum Agass. Centrostephanus longispinus Pet., 98.

globulosum A. Agass. Diadema setosum Gray, 104.

Lamarckii Rocss. Diadema setosum Gray, 104.

longispina Phil. Centrostephanus longispinus Pet., 98.

mesicanum A. Agass. Diadema mexicanum A. Agass., 103.

nudum A. Agass. Diadema setosum Gray, 104.

paucispinum A. Agass. Diadema setosum Gray', 104.

pseudosavignyi Mich. MS. Diadema setosum Gray, 104.

178 SYNONYMIC INDEX.

Diadema Schtnv. 1711 (continued).

pulvinatum Agass. Astropyga pulvinala Agass., 94.
radiatum Desml. Astropyga radiata Gray, 94.
Saviguyi Mich. Diadema setosum Gray, 104.
selosa (Gray). Diadema setosum Gray, 104.
spinosissimum Agass. Echiuothrix turcarum Pet., 120.
stellatum Desml. ?

suhulare Agass. Echiuothrix turcarum Pi t\, 121.
teuuispina Phil. Diadema setosum Gray, 104.
turcarum Desml. Diadema setosum Gray, 104.
turcarum Scuvxv. Echiuothrix turcarum Pet., 120.

Diademopsis Des. 1855.

Diplocidaris Des. 1854.

Diplopodia McCoy, L844.

Diplophorus Des. 18">6 (err. typ. Diploporus Trosch. MS.).

Diploporus Tho8CH. MS.

pyrarnidatus Trosch. Sulmacis sulcata Agass., 156.
Discaster Mini. MS.

Bernardi Mini. MS. Sphaerechinus pulcherrimus A. Agass, 160.
Discoidea Gray, 1825 (err. typ. Discoides Ki..).
Discoides Klein, 1734.
Dorocidaris A. Agass. 1869.

abyssicola A. AGASS. Dorocidaris papillata A. AGASS., 105.

affinis A. Agass. Dorocidaris papillata A. Aoass., 105.

h list) i.e. A. Agass. Dorocidaris papillata A. Agass., 105.

papillata A. Aoass. Dorocidaris papillata A. Agass., 106.
Dysaster Agass. 183G.

Echinanaus Gray, 1825 (err. typ. Echinoneus).

cyclostomus Gray. Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske. 118.
Echinanthites Leske, 1778.
Echinanthus Breyn. 1732.

ambigena Gray. Clypeaster humilis A. Aoass., 100.

Australasiae Gray. Echinanthus testudiuarius Gray, 106.

Coleae Gray. Clypeaster scuAformis Lamk., 99.

explauatus Gray. Clypeaster humilis A. AOASS., 100.

humile Leske. Clypeaster humilis A. Agass.. 100.

oblongus Gray. Clypeaster scutiformis Lamk., 1 01.

orifntalis D'ORBIG. Echiuolampas ovi/ormis Gray, 115.

ovalis Gdalt. ?

ovatus Leske. Echiuolampas ovi/ormis Gray, ill.

oviformis D'Orbig. Echiuolampas oviformis Gray, 115.

parvus Gray. Echinanthus rosaceus Gray, 106.

placunarius Gray. Clypeaster humilis A. Agass., 100.

productus Gray. Clypeaster humilis A. Agass., 100.

rangianus Mill. Clypeaster subdepressus, Agass, 101.

Richardii D'Orbig. Echinolampas Hellei Vat,., 114.

rosaceus Gray'. Echinanthus rosaci us • in IY, 106.

scutiformis Gray. Clypeaster scutiformis Lamk., 101.

subdepressus Gray. Clypeaster subdepressus Agass., 101.

testudinarius GRAY. Echinanthus testudinarius GRAY, 106.

Ecbinarachnius Leske, 1778.

asiaticus Mich. Echinarachnius panua Gray, 108.

atlauticus Gray - . Echinarachnius parma Gray, 108.

SYNONYMIC INDEX. 179

Echinarachnius Leske, 1778 (continued).

Australiae Mich. Ech in arachnitis parma Gray, 108.
excentricus Yal. Echinarachnius excentricus Val., 107.
latissimus Agass. ( 'lypi asti r humilis A. Agass., 99.
mirahilis A. Agass. Echinarachnius mirabilis A. Agass., 107
parma Gray. Echinarachnius parma. Gray, 107.

placenta Leske. Ara.chnoii.lcs placenta. Agass., 90.
placunarius Agass. Clypeaster humilis A. Agass., 100.

Rumphii AGASS. Echinarachnius parma Gray, 108.

undulatus Mich. Echinarachnius jiarma Gray, 108.

Zelandiae Gray. Arachnoides placenta Agass., 90.
Echiuianthus Conrad (err. typ. Echinanthus).
Echinites Leske, 1778.
Echinobrissus Bretn. 1732.

recent D'Orbig. Echinobrissus ncius D'Orbig., 108.
Echinocardium Leske (V. P.), 1778.
Echinocardium Gray, 1825.

atropos Gray. Moira atropos A. Agass., 146.

australe Gray. Echinocardium australe Gray, 109.

cordatus Gray. Echinocardium cordatum Gray, 109.

j/arcscens A. Agass. Echinocardium Jiacescens A. Agass., 110.

gibbosum Gray. Echinocardium mediterraneum Gray, 110.

laevigaster A. Agass. Echinocardium pennatifidum Norm., 111.

Kurtzii A. Agass. Echinocardium cordatum Gray, 110.

mediterraneum Gray. Echinocardium mediterraneum Gray, 110.

orthonotus Conrd. Echinocardium pennatifidum Norm., 111.

ocatum Gray. Echinocardium Jiacescens A. Agass., 110.

pennatifidum Norman. Echinocardium pennatifidum Norm., 111.

pusillus Gray. Echinocardium cordatum Gray, 109.

Seba Gray. Echinocardium cordatum Gray, 109.

Stimpsoni A. Agass. Echinocardium australe, Gray, 109.

Zealandicum Gray. Echinocardium australe Gray, 109.

Echinocidaris Desml. 1835.

aequiluberculata Desml. Arbacia pustulosa Gray, 92.

Davisii A. Agass. Arbacia punctulata Gray, 91.

Dufresnii Desml. Arbacia Dufrcsnii Gray, 91.

grandinosa Agass. Arbacia pustulosa Gray, 92.

incisa A. Agass. Arbacia stellata Gray, 93.

loculata Desml. Arbacia pustulosa Gray, 92.

longispina Lime. Arbacia stellata Gray, 93.

nigra Agass. Arbacia nigra A. Agass., 91.

punctulata Desml. Arbacia punctulata Gray, 91.

pustulosa Desml. Arbacia nigra A. Agass., 91.

pustulosa Agass. Arbacia pustulosa Gray, 92.

Schythei Phil. Arbacia Dufresnii Gray, 91.

sinensis Mich. MS. Arbacia pustulosa Gray, 92.

spatuligera Agass. Arbacia spatuligera A. Agass., 93.

stellata Desml. Arbacia stellata Gray, 93.
Echinoclypeus Blainv. 1830.
Echinoconites Bretn. 1732.
Echinoconus Bretn. 1732.
Echinocorys Breyn. 1732.
Echinocorytes Leske, 1778.
Echinocrinus Agass. 1836.
Echinocyamus Van Phel. 1774.

angulosus Leske. Echinocyamus pusillus Gray, 111.

180 SYNONYMIC INDEX.

Echinocyamus Van Phil. 1774 (continued).

australis Agass. Fibularia australis Desml., 129.

cor ranae Leske. Fibularia ovulum Lamk., 130.

cor raninum Leske. Fibularia ovulum Lamk., 130.

craniolaris Leske. Fibularia ovulum Lamk., 129.

equinus Leske. Fibularia ovulum Lamk., 130.

ervum Leske. Fibularia ovulum Lamk., 129.

inequalis Leske. Fibularia ovulum Lamk., 130.

lathyrus Leske. Fibularia ovulum Lamk., 129.

minimus Gik. Echinocyamus puxillus Gray, ill.

mimihis Be. Echinocyamus pusillus Gray, ill.

nucleocerasi Leskk. Fibularia ovulum Lamk, 129.

ovalis Leske. Echinocyamus pusillus Gray, ill.

ovatus Leske. Fibularia ovulum Lamk., 130.

orulum Okay. Fibularia ovulum Lamk., 130.

partheuopaeus Costa. Echinocyamus pusillus Gray, 111.

pusillus Gray. Kclti/mri/timus pusillus Gray, 111.

speciosus Costa. Echinocyamus pusillus Gray, ill.

tarentina Gray. Echinocyamus pusillus Gray, ill.

trigona Gray. Fibularia ovulum Lamk., 129.

turcicus Leske. Fibularia ovulum Lamk., 129.

vertice ceutrali Leske. Fibularia ovulum Lamk., 129.

vicia Leske. 'Echinocyamus pusillus Gray, ill.
Echinocyphus Cott. 18G0.
Echinocystites Thom. 1K61.
Echinodiadema Verrill, 1807.

coronata Veiuui.e. Centrostephanus coronatus A. Agass., 97.
Echinodiadema (Cott) 1869 (non Verrill).
Echinodiscoides Leske (V. P.) 177s.
Echinodiscus Breyn. 1732.

Augusti D'Obb. Rotula Augusti Ki.. 154.

auritus Leske. Echinodiscus auritus Leske, 112.

bifissa Gray. Echinodiscus auritus Leske, 113.

hi/mis A. Agass. Echinodiscus biforis A. Agass., 113.

bifora Gray. Echinodiscus biforis A. Agass., 113.

bisperforatus Leske. Echinodiscus biforis A. Agass , 113.

dentatus Leske. Rotula Rumpbii Ki .., 155.

deciesdigitatus Leske. Rotula Augusti Kl., 154.

digitala Gray. Rotula Rumpbii Ex., 155.

emarginatus Leske. Encope emarginata Agass.. 12fi.

inauritus Leske. Echinodiscus auritus Leske, 112.

laeris A. Agass. Echinodiscus laevis A. Agass., 113.

laganum Leske. Laganum Bonani Ki.., 137.

latixsimus Bl. Clypeaster humilLi A. Agass., 100.

maiimus Breyx. Arachnoides placenta Agass., 90.

octiesdigitatus Lesee. Rotula Augusti Kl., 154.

oetodactylus Gray. Rotula Augusti Kl., 154.

orbicularis Leske. PeroneUa orbicularis A. Agass., 149.

patina Bl. Echinarachnius parma Gray, 107.

placenta Blaixv. Arachnoides placenta Agass., 90.

placunarius Bl. Clypeaster humilis A. Agass., 100.

quaterperforatus Leske. Encope emarginata Agass., 126.

quinquiesperforatus Leske. Mellita testudinata Kl., 142.

reticulatus Leske. Clypeaster scuti/ormis Lamk., 101.

Rumphii Bl. Echinarachnius parma Gray, 108.

Rumphii Des. Rotula Rumphii Kl., 155.

SYNONYMIC INDEX. 181

Echinodiscus Breyx. 1730 {continued).

sexiesperforatus Leske. Mellita sexforis A. Agass., 141.

subrolundus Gualt. ?

tenuissima Gray. Echinodiscus laeris A. Agass., 113.

truncata Gray. Echinodiscus laevk A. Agass., 113.
Echinoylycus Leske (V. P. ) 1778.

auritus Leske (V. P.). Echinodiscus auritus Leske, 112.

cyclopora Gray. Encope micropora Agass., 127.

frondosus Leske (V. P.). Encope emarginata Agass., 127.

grandis Gray. Encope grandis Agass., 127.

inauritus Leske (V. P.). Echinodiscus auritus Leske, 112.

irregularis Leske (V. P.). Echinodiscus laevis A. Agass., 113.

oblique Leske (V. P.). Encope emarginata Agass., 127.

oblongus D. & H. Encope emarginata Agass., 127.

ovalis Leske (V. P.). Chjpeaster scutiformis Lamk., 101.

pentagonus Leske (V. P.). Clypeasler scutiformis Lamk., 101.

perspectira Gray. Encope micropora Agass., 1 28.

Stokesii Gray. Mellita Stokesii A. Agass., 141.

subclausus D. & H. Encope emarginata Agass., 127.

tetrapora Gray. Encope micropora Agass, 128.

Valenciennesii D. & H. Encope emarginata Agass., 127.
Echinolampas Gray, 1825.

Bottae Pomel. Echinolampas ociformis Gray, 114.

caratomoides A. Agass. Echinolampas depressa Gray, 114.

cyclostomus Per. Echinolampas ociformis Gray, 114.

depressus Gray. Echinolampas depressa Gray, 114.

Hellei Val. Echinolampas Hellei Val., 114.

Laurillardi (Desml.). Echinolampas Hellei Val., 114.

orientalis Gray. Echinolampas ociformis Gray, 114.

oviformis Gray. Echinolampas ociformis Gray, 114.

Rangii Desml. Echinolampas Hellei Val., 114.

Richardi (Desml.). Echinolampas Hellei Val., 114.
Echinometra Rondelet, 1554. Breyn. 1732, Gray, 1825.

acufera Bl. Echinometra subangularis Desml., 116.

acufera A. Agass. Echinometra lucunter Blaixv., 115.

arbacia Lutk. Parasalenia gratiosa A. Agass., 148.

atrata Gray. Colobocentrotus atratus Br., 102.

Blainvillii Desml. Heterocentrotus inammillatus Br., 134.

brunea A. Agass. Echinometra lucunter Blainv., 115.

carinata Bl. Heterocentrotus mammillatus Br., 133.

complanata Mich. MS. Echinometra subangularis Desml., 117.

compressa Gualt. ?

coronata Bl. MS. Heterocentrotus mammillatus Br., 133.

Drbbachiensis Gray. Slrongylocentrotus Drbbachiensis A. Agass., 162.

depressa Bl. MS. Heterocentrotus mammillatus Br., 133.

digitata Petiv. Cidarh metidaria Blaixv., 98.

grisea Gray. Amblypneustes griseus Agass., 89.

heteropora Agass. Echinometra lucunter Blaixv., 115.

globosa Gualt. ?

latefasciata Leske (V. P.). Phyllacanthus imperialis Br., 151.

Leschenaulli ' Bl. Stomopneustes variolaris Agass., 161

liviila Gray. Strongylocentrotus lividus Br., 164.

lobata Bl. Echinometra subangularis Desml., 116.

lucunter Gray. Echinometra subangularis Desml., 116.

lucunter Blaixv. Echinometra lucunter Blaixv., 115.

longispina Gray. Echinoslrephus molare A. Agass., 119.

macrostoma A. Agass. Echinometra macrostoma A. Agass., 116.

182 SYNONYMIC INDEX.

Echinometra Eondelet, 1554 (continued).

mammillata Gray. Heterocentrotus mammilla/us Br., 133.

Maugei Bl. Echinometra subangtdaris Desml., 116.

Mathaei Agass. Echinometra oblonga Agass., il(>.

Mathaei Bl. Echinometra htcunter Blaixv., 115.

Merlensii Desml. Coloboceutrotus Mertensii Br.. 103.

Michelini Des. Echinometra subangularis Desml., 116.

Mii-hclini Lvtk. Echinometra viridis A Agass., 117

microtuberculata A. Agass. Echinometra htcunter Bl., 114.

miliaria Gr it. EcAinwi miliaris Mull , 125.

minuta Gray. Echinus angulosus A. AGASS., 122.

mota Gray. Echinostrephus umlare A. Agass., 119.

nigrina (in:. Echinometra subangularis Desml., 116.

oblonga Br.. Echinometra oblonga Blainv., 116.

ooalis Breyn. ?

ovum Gray. Aml'li/put u*it .< tu-um Agass., 89.

pallida Gray. Amblypneusles pallidus Yai.., 89.

parvituberculata Gray. /iV/n'/ms microtuberculatus Blaixv. 124.

paucituberculata Gray. Stomopneustes variolaris Ac;.\-^.. 161.

pedi/era Bl. Coloboceutrotus a&atus Br., 102.

plaua A. A<;.\ss. Echiinnintrii viridia A. Agass., 117.

Postellsii Dl sml. Heterocentrotus mammillatus Br., 133.

pugionifera Desml. Heterocentrotus trigonarius Br., 134.

(I'lui/ii Bl. Coloboceutrotus (('/>// i/.- Br., 1"-'.

rupicola A. Agass. Echinometra Van Brunti A. Agass., 117.

setosa Mull. Echinocyamu$ pusillus Gray, ill.

setosa Rcmph. Echinostrephus molan A. Agass., 11!».

subdinpihuls Desml. Echinometra subangularis Desml., 116.

subglobiformis Gray. SpAaerecfttnttt granu&iru A. Agass., 160.

subrotunda Leske (V. P.). Cidaris melularia Bl., 98.

trigonariu I!i.. Heterocentrotus trigonarius Br., 134.

tuhi rcnhitn Gray. Strongyloceutrotus tuberculatus Br , 1G5.

Van Brunti A. Ac \>--. Echinometra Van Brunti A. AG tss., 117.

variolaris Gray. Stomopneustes wirtoiaris Agass., 161.

violacea Bl. MS. Heterocentrotus trigonarius Br., 134.

viridis A. AGASS. Echinometra viridis A. Agass-, 117.

Echinometrites Lang. 1756.
Echinomitra Leske (V. P.), 177*.
Echinoneus Van. Phel. 1801.

couformis Des. Echinoneus semilunaris Lamk., 118.

crassus A<;.\ss. /-.>/<»/«mV% cyclostomus Leske, 118.

cruciatus Agass. E< ■hiunncus cyclostomus LesKE, 118.

cyclostomus Leske. Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske, 117.

elegans Des. Echinoneus semilunaris Lamk., 118.

gibbosus Lam. Echinoneus semilunaris Lamk., 118.

minor Lrske. Echinoneus semilunaris Lamk., 118.

nu'tior Mart. Echinoneus cyclostomus LESKB, 118.

semilunaris Lam. Echinoneus semilunaris Lamk , 118.

serialis Des. Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske, 118.

ventricosus Agass. Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske, 118.
Echinopedina Cott. 1866.
Echinophora Leske (V. P.) 1778.
Echinoplacos Leske (V. P.) 1778.
Echinopsis Agass. is in.
Echinorhodum Leske (V. P.) 1778.

SYNONYMIC INDEX. 183

Echinosinus Leske (V. P.), 1778.
Echinospatagus Bkeyn. 1732.

cordiformis Breyn. Echinocardium cordalum Gray, 109.

cordiformis Gualt. Metalia sternalis Gray, 145.

oralis Gualt. Brissus carinatus Gray, 96.

Echinostrephus A. Agass. 18G3.

aciculatus A. Agass. Echinostrephus molare A. Agass., 119.

molare A. Agass. Echinostrephus molare A. Agass., 119.
Echinothrix Peters, 1853.

aequalis Bolsche. Echinothrix calamaris A. Agass., 120.

annellata Pet. Echinothrix Desorii Pet., 120.

aperta A. Agass. Echinothrix calamaris A. Agass., 120.

calamaria Pet. Echinothrix calamaris A. Agass., 119.

cincta Bolsciie. Echinothrix turcarum Pet., 121.

clavata Bolsciie. Echinothrix Desorii Pet., 120.

Desorii Pet. Echinothrix Desorii Pet., 120.

Petersii Bolsciie. Echinothrix turcarum Pet., 121.

scutata A. Agass. Echinothrix Desorii Pet. 120.

spinosissima Pet. Echinothrix turcarum Pet., 121.

subularis Pet. Echinothrix turcarum Pet., 121.

turcarum Pet. Echinothrix turcarum Pet., 120.

turcarum Bolsche. Echinothrix calamaris A. Agass., 120.
Echinothuria Woodw. 1863.
Echinotrochus Leske (V. P.) 1835.

octodactylus Gray. Rotula Augustii Kl., 154.

octodigitatus Leske (V. P.). Rotula Augustii Kl., 154.

perforatus Leske (V. P.). Mellita sexforis A. Agass., 141.
Echinus Rondelet, 1554. (Linn. 1758.)

aciculatus D. & H. Strongylocentrotus Gaimardi A. Agass., 163.

acufer Bl. Echinometra subangularis Desml., 116.

acutus Lam. Echinus acutus Lamk., 121.

aequituberculatus Bl. Arbacia pustulosa Gray, 92.

albidus Agass. Sphaerechinus granulans Des., 160.

albus Molina. Strongylocentrotus albus A. Agass., 162.

anguifer Desml. Stomopneustes rariolaris Agass., 161.

angulosus Gmel. Hipponoe variegata A. Agass, 135.

angulosus A. Agass. Echinus angulosus A. Agass., 122.

araneiformis Gmel. Echinothrix turcarum Pet., 120.

assulatus Gmel. ?

atratus Lin. Colobocentrotus atratus Br., 102.

attenuatus Desl. ?

aurantiacus Bl. Echinus esculentus Linn., 123.

auritus Gmel. Echinodiscus auritus Leske, 112.

Basteri Maitl. Echinus acutus Lamk., 121.

Basteri Gmel. ?

biforis Gmel. Echinodiscus biforis A. Agass., 113.

Blainvillii Desm. Toxopneustes variegalus A. Agass., 168.

brevispinosus Risso. Sphaerechinus granular is A. Agass., 160.

bufonius Gmel. Fibularia ovulum Lamk., 130.

calamarius Gmel. Echinothrix calamaris A. Agass., 119.

calamaris Pall. Echinothrix calamaris A. Agass., 119.

carinatus Blainv. Heterocentrotus mammillatus Br., 133.

carinatus Gmel. Brissus carinalus Gray, 96.

centralis Gmel. Fibularia ovulum Lamk., 130.

chlorocentrotus Br. Strongylocentrotus Drobachiensis A. Agass., 162.

chloroticus Val. Evechinus chloroticus Verrill, 128.

chloroticus Stimp. Strongylocentrotus Drobachiensis A. Agass., 163.

184 SYNONYMIC INDEX.

Echinus Rondelet, 1554.

cidaris Li.v. Phyllacanthus imperialis Br., 151.

complanatus Yal. Strongylocentrotus licidus Br., 164.

concavus Agass. Strongylocentrotus lividus Br., 164.

conicus Trosch. MS. Strongylocentrotus gibbosus A. Agas9., 164.

coniformis Leske (V. P.). Ili/>/>onoe esculenta A. Agass., 135.

coronalis Leske. Echinothrix turcarum Pet., 120.

cordatus Penn. Echinocardium cordatum Gray, 109.

craniolaris Gmel. Fibularia ovulum Lame., 129.

cyclostomus Gmel. Echinon'e'us cyclostomus Leske. 118.

decemradiatus Leske (V. P.). HipponoS esculenta A. Agass., 135.

decoratus Agass. Echinus microtuberculatus Bl., 124.

decadactyloa Gmel. Rotula Augustii Kl., 154.

Delalandi Yal. Strongylocentrotus eurythroyrammus A. Agass., 163.

depressus Mich. MS. Echinus esculentus Linn., 122.

depressus Bl. Toxopneustes macidatus A, Agass.) 1 G 7.

depressus G. O. SARS. Echinus norvegicus DuB. o. Ivor., 125.

diadema Lin. Echinothrix turcarum Pet., 120.

disjunctus Mart. Strongylocentrotus depressus A. Agass., 162.

Drdbachiensis Mull. Strongylocentrotus Drobachiensis A. Agass., 162.

Dubenii Agass. Strongylocentrotus Drobachiensis A. Agass., 162.

dubius Bl. Sphaerechinus granulans A. Agass., 160.

Dufresnii Bl. Arbacia Dufresnii GRAY, 91.

elegans Desl. Temnopleurus toreumaticus Agass., 166.

elegans D. & K. Echinus elegant DuB. o. Kor., 122.

emarginatus Gmel. Encope emarginata Agass., 127.

equinus Gmel. Fibularia ovulum Lamk., 130.

equituberculatus Bl. Sphaerechinus granularis A. Aoass., 160.

errum Gmel Fibularia ovulum Lamk., 129.

escub niits l.i\. Echinus esculentus Linn., 122.

esculentus Rumph. Hipponoe variegata A. Agass., 135.

esculentus An r. Sphaerechinus granularis A. Agass., 160.

eurythrogrammus Val. Strongylocentrotus eurythrogrammut A. Agass., 163.

excavatus Bl. Toxopneustes variegatus A. Agass., 168.

faba Gmi l. Fibularia ovulum Lamk., 130.

fasciatus Lamk. Hipponoi variegata A. Agass., 135.

feneslratus Gmel. ?

Jlammt us Gmel. ?

Flemingii Ball. Echin us acutus Lamk, 121.

Flemingii A. Agass. Echinus norvegicus Dub. o. Kor., 125.

Gaimardi Bl. Strongylocentrotus Gaimarrfi A. Agass., 163.

gibbosus Val. Strongylocentrotus gihbosus A. Agass., 164.

globiformis Lam. Echinus < tculi ntus Linn , 123.

globulus Linn. Mespilia globulus Agass., 143.

gracilis A. Agass. Echinus gracilis A. Agass., 123.

grandinosus Val. Arbacia pustulosa Gray, 92.

grandis Gmel. Metalia pectoralis A. Agass, 144.

granularis Say. Strongylocentrotus Drobachiensis A. Agass., 162.

granularis Lam. Sphaerechinus granularis A. Agass., 159.

granulalus Gould. Strongylocentrotus Drobachiensis A. Agass., 162.

granulatus Gmel. Mespilia globulus Agass., 143.

gratilla Gmel. ?

griseus Bl. Amblypneustes griseut Ag., 89.

hemliphaericus Gmel. Echinus esculentus Lixx., 122.

hexaporus Gmel. Mellita sexforis A. Agass., 141.

hura Desl. ?

inaenualis Gmel. Fibularia ovulum Lamk., 130.

inauritus Gmel. Echinodiscus auritus Leske, 112.

SYNONYMIC INDEX. 185

Echinus Rondelet 1554 {continued).

inflatus Bl. Hipponoe varieyata A. Agass., 135.

Korenii Des. Echinus miliaris Mull., 125.

lacunosus Linn. Schizaster canaliferus Agass., 157.

lagauoides Des. Echinoslrephus molare A. Agass., 119.

laganum Gmel. Laganum Bonain Kl., 137.

lathyrus Gmel. Fibularia ovulum Lamk., 129.

Leschenaulti Bl. Stomopneustes variolaris Agass., 161.

Leskei 13 ic. Colobocentrotus atratus Br., 102.

lezaroides Per. Eckinostrephus molare A. Agass., 119.

lithophagus Leach. Strongylocentrotus lividus Br., 164.

lividus Lam. Strongylocentrotus lividus Br., 164.

lixula LlNN. Arbacia pustulosa Gray, 92.

lobatus Bl. Echinometra subangularis Desml. 115.

loculatus Blainv. Arbacia pustulosa Gray, 92.

longispina Bl. Eckinostrephus molare A. Agass., 119.

lucunler (Lam.). Echinometra lucunter Bl., 114.

lucunter Linn. Echinometra subangularis Desml., 115.

maculatus Lam. Toxopneusles maculutus A. Agass., 167.

maculosus Gmel. Metalia maculosa A. Agass., 144.

magellanicus Phil. Echin us magellanicus Phil., 123.

major Gmel. ?

mammillalus Linn. Heterocentrotus mammillatus Br., 133.

Maugei Bl. Echinometra subangularis Desml., 115.

margaritaceus Desl. Arbacia pustulosa Gray, 92.

margaritaceus Lam. Echinus margaritaceus Lamk., 124.

Mathaei Bl. Echinometra lucunter Bl., 114.

melo Lam. Echinus melo Lamk., 124.

Mertensii Br. Colobocentrotus Mertensii Br., 103.

microtuberculatus Bl. Echin us microtuberculatus Bl., 124.

miliaris Mull. Echinus miliaria Mull., 125.

miliaris Risso. Echinus microtuberculatus Bl., 124.

miliaris Flem. Echinus acutus Lamk., 121.

minimus Bl. Echinus angulosus A. Agass., 122.

minulus Bl. Echinus angulosus A. Agass., 122.

minutus Pall. Fibularia orulum Lamk., 129.

mola Bl. Echinoslrephus molare A. Agass., 119.

molaris Bl. Echinoslrephus mola re A. Agass., 119.

neapolitanus Delle Chi. Arbacia pustulosa Gray', 92.

neglectus Lam. Strongylocentrotus Drbbachiensis A. Agass., 162.

niger Molina. Arbacia nigra A. Agass., 91.

niger Rumph. ?

nodiformis Seba. Arbacia punctulata Gray - , 91.

nodosus Gmel. ?

norvegicus D. & K. Echinus norvegicus Dub. o. Kor., 125.

nucleus Gmel. Fibularia orulum Lamk., 130.

oblongus Bl. Echinometra oblonga Blainv., 116.

obtusangulus Lam. Toxopneustes pileolus Agass., 167.

octodactylos Gmel. Rotula Augustii Kl., 154.

omalostoma Val. Strongylocentrotus tuberculatus Br., 165.

orbicularis Gmel. Peronella orbicularis A. Agass., 149.

orbiculus Linn. Mellita testudinata Kl , 142.

orthopetalus Gmel. Brissus unicolor Kl., 97.

ovalis Linn. Echinoneus semilunaris Lamk., 118.

ovarius Rondel. Sphaerechinus granuluris A. Agass., 159.

ovatus Gmel. Brissus unicolor Kl., 97.

oviformis Gmel. Eckinolampas ociformis Gray, 114.

ovulum Gmel. Fibularia orulum Lamk., 129.

186 SYNONYMIC INDEX.

Echinus Roxdelet, 1554 {continued).

ovum Lam. Amblypneustes ovum Agasb., 89.
pallidus Lam. Amblypneustes paUidus Val., 89.
parvituberculatus Kl. Echinus microtuberculatus Bl., 124.
paucituberculatus I!i.. Stomopneustes variolaris Agass., 161.
pedifer Bl. Coloboceutrotus atratus Br., 103.
pentaforus Gmel. Mellita testudiuata Ki.., 142.
pentagonus Lam. Hipponoe variegata A. Agass., 135.
pentagonns Leske (V. P.). Echinus angulosus A. AGASS., 122.
perexiguus Pet. Echinocyamus pusUlus Gray, 111.
Peronii Bl. Hipponoe" variegata A. Agass., 135.
pileolus Lam. Toxopneustes pileolus Agass., 167.
placenta Li.v Arachnoidal placenta Agass., 'm<

planus RuMPH. Laganum Bouaiii Kl.., 137.

polyzonalis Lam. Toxopneustes pih nlus Agass., 167.

porosus Val. Strongylocentrotus albus A. Agass., 162.

Postellsii Br. Heterocentrotus mamm Hiatus Bu., 133.

pseudomelo Bl. Echinus esculentus Linn., 123.

pulchellus Agass. Echinus microtuberculatus Bl., 124.

pulvinulus Penn. Echinocyamus pusillus Gray, 111.

punctulatus Lam. Arbacia punclulata Gray, 91.

punctiferus DRSL. Mespilia globulus Agass., 143.

purpureus Risso. Strongylocentrotus lividus Br., 164.

purpureus Gmel. Spatangus purpureas Leske, 159.

purpureus Penn. Spatangus purpureus Leske, 159.

purpuratus Stimp. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus A. Agass., 165.

purpurescens Val. Arbacia nigra A. AGASS., 91.

pusillus Gmi i.. Echinocyamus pusillus Gray, 111.

pustulatus Agass. Echinus miliaria Mi i i .. 125.

pustulosux Gmel. Arbacia pnstulosa Gray, 92.

quiuqueangulosu3 Bl. Echinus e cutentus Linn., 123.

quinqueangulatus Bl. Echinus esculentus Linn., 123.

Quoy Bl. Colobocentrotus atratus Br .. 103.

radiatus Gmel. Astropyga radiala Gray, 94.

raninus Gmel. Fibularia milium Lamk., 130.

rarispiuus (I. O. Su:~. MS. Echinus norvegicus DUB. o. KoR., 125.

reticulatus Linx. Clypeasler scuti/ormis Lamk.. 101 ; et E. rosac. Gray, 106.

rosaceus Linn. Echinanthus rosaceus Gray, 106.

rosaceus Linn. Clypeaster humilis A. AGA88., 100.

sardicus Gmel. V

sardicus l!is~n. Echinus melo Lamk.. 124.

sardicus Caill. Echinus acutus Lamk. 121.

sardicus Lam. Hipponoe variegata A Agass. 135.

saxatilis Fail Strongylocentrotus Drdbachiensis A. Ac, 162.

saxatilis RuMPH. ?

saxatilis Mull. Echinus miliaria Mi i.i. 125.

saxatilis (Linn.). Strongylocentrotus lividus Br., 164.

sculptus Lam. Temnopleurus toreumaticus Agass., 166.

scutiformis Gmel. Clypeaster scutiformis Lamk.. 101.

semilunaris Gmel. Echinoneus semilunaris Lamk.. 11*.

semituberculatus Val. Toxopneustes semiluberculatus A. Agass, 168.

setosus Petiv. Diadema setosum Gray, 103.

Solaris Val. Rotula Rumphii Kl., 155.

spatagus Linn. ?

spatagus Delle Ch. Brissus unicolor Kl., 97.

spatagus Aldrov. ?

spatuliger Val. Arbacia spatuligera A. Agass., 93.

spbaera O. F. Mill. Echinus esculentus Lixx., 123.

SYNONYMIC INDEX. 187

Echinus Rondelet, 1554 (continued).

sphaeroides Linn. ?

stellatus Gmkl, ?

stellatus (Bl.). Arbacia stellata Gray, 93.

subangularis Gmkl. Echinomeira subangularis Desml., 116.

subangularis Flem. Strongylocentrotus DrbbacMensis A. Agass., 1C2.

subangulosus Bl. Echinus esculentus Linn - ., 123.

subangulosus Lam. Echinus angulosus A. Agass., 122.

subcoeruleus Lam. Hipponoe cariegala A. Agass., 135.

subcompressus Lixx. ?

subglobiformis Bl. Sphaercchinus granulans A. Agass., 160.

subglobosus Lixx. Echinus esculentus Linn., 122.

sulcatum Rumph. Echinolampas oviformis Gray, 114.

taeniatus Br. Heterocentrotus trigonarius Br., 134.

tetraporus Gmel. Encope emarginata Agass, 12fi.

toreumaticus Gmkl. Temuopleurus tareumaticus Agass.. 166.

trigonarius Lam. Heterocentrotus trigonarius Br. 134.

trizonalis Bl. Toxopneustes pileolus Agass., 168.

tuberculatus Lam. Strongylocentrotus tuberculatus Br., 165.

turcicus Gmel. Fibularia orulum Lamk., 129.

unicolor Gmkl. Brissus unicolor Kl., 97.

variegatus Gmel. Hipponoe cariegala A. Agass., 135.

variegalus (Lam.). Toxopneustcs variegatus A. Agass., 168.

variolaris Lam Stomopneustes curiolaris Agass., 161.

ventricosus Lam. Hipponoe esculenta A. Agass., 135.

ventricosus Deli.eCh. Echinus nielo Lamk., 124.

versicolor Val. Mespilia globulus Agass., 143.

vicea (Jmel. Echinocyamus pusillus Gray, 111.

violaceus Bl. Echinus esculentus Linn., 123.

virens I). & K. Echinus miliaris Mill., 125.

virgatus Lam. Hipponoe variegata A. Agass., 135.

vulgaris Bl. Strongylocentrotus lividus Br., 164.
Echionanthus Seba, 1758.

major Sera. Astropyga ra/liata Gray', 94.

Echynus Box. 1 782 (err. typ. Echinus).

complanatus Bon. Laganum Bonani Kl., 137.

Ellipsechinus Lutk. 1864.

macrostomus Lutk. Echinometra macrostoma A. Agass., 115.
Encope Agass. 1840.

aberrans Mart. Encope Michelini Agass., 127.

Agassizii Mich. Encope grandis Agass, 127.

californica Verrill. Encope califoruica Vkrhill., 126.

cyclopora Agass. Encope micropora Agass., 127.

elegans Mich. MS. Encope micropora Agass., 128.

emarginata Agass. Encope emarginata Agass., 126.

Ghiesbrechti Belv. Encope emarginata Agass., 127.

grandis Agass. Encope grandis Agass., 127.

Griesbachii A. Agass. Encope emarginata Agass., 126.

Lapeyrousii MiCH. MS. Encope micropora Agass., 128.

mellitiformis Mich. MS. Encope micropora Agass., 128.

Michelini Agass. Encope Michelini Agass., 127.

micropora Agass. Encope micropora Agass.. 127.

oblonga Agass. Encope emarginata Agass., 126.

occidentalis Verrill. Encope micropora Agass., 128.

pentapora Agass. Mellita testudinata Kl., 142.

perspectiva Agass. Encope micropora Agass., 127.

quinrpieloba Grube. Encope emarginata Agass., 126. «

188 SYNONYMIC INDEX.

Encope Agass. 1840 (continued).

Sebae Mich. MS. Encope micropora Agass., 128.

Stokesii Aoass. Mellita Slokesii A. Ac ass., 141.

subclausa Agass. Encope emarginala Agass., 126.

telraporn Agass. Encope micropora Agass., 128.

Valenciennesii Agass. Encope emarginala Agass., 126.
Ennalaster D'Orbig. 1853.
Eocidaris Des. 1856.
Epiaster D'Orbig. 1853.
Eucosmus A(!ass. 1846.
Eupatagus Agass. 1817.

similis Gray. Eupatagus Valenciennesii Agass., 128.

Valenciennesii Agass. Eupatagus Valenciennesii Agass., 128.

pectoralis IIaime. Metalia pectoralis A. Agass., 145.
Eurhodia DA. & H. 1853.
Euryechinus Verrill, 1866.

Delalaneli Yeuhii.i.. Strongylocentrotus eurythrogrammui A. Agass., 163.

Drbbachiemis Verrill. Strongylocentrotus I inhitcliiensis A. Agass., 162.

gibbus Verrill. Slrongylocentrotws gibbosus A. Agass., 164.

gramdatus Verrill. Strongylocentrotus Drbhaclitensis A. Agass., 162.

imbecillis Verrill. Strongylocentrotus gibbosus A. Agass, 164.

licit/us Vkkrii.i.. Strongylocentrotus lividus Hr., 164.
Evechinus Verrill, 1867.

cMoroticus Verrill. Evechinus chtoroticus Verrill, 128.

Faorina Gray, 1851.

antarctica GRAY. Hemiaster cavernosa A. Agass., 132.

australis GRAY. Hemiaster austral is A. Agass.. 182.

carernosa Gray. Hemiaster cavernosa A. Agass., 132.

chinensis Cray. Faorina chinensis Gray, 129.
Faujasia D'Orbig. 1855.
Fibula Klein, 1734.
Fibularia Lam. 1816.

angulosa I)e Fr. Ecbinocyamus pusUlui GRAY, 111.

australis Desml. Fibularia australis DESML., 129.

craniolaris De Fr. Fibularia orulnm Lamk., 1 •->!».
equina Aradas. Echinocyamus pusillus Gray, 111.
inaequalis De Fr. Fibularia nrulum I.amk. ISO.
lathyrus Pi Fr. Fibularia ovulum I.amk.. 130.
niiniilus De Fr. Fibularia nrulum Lamk., ISO.
nucleola Deslong. Fibularia ovulum I.amk . 130.
nucleum De Fr. Fibularia nrulum I.amk , 130.
oblonga Gray. Fibularia volva Agass., 130.
ovalis De Fr. Echinocyamus pusillus Gray, 111.
ovatus De Fit. Fibularia nrulum Lamk., ISO.
orulum Lamk. Fibularia nrulum Lamk.. 129.
tarentina Lamk. Echinocyamus pusillus Gray, 111.
trigona Lamk. Fibularia nrulum Lamk., 130.
turcicns De Fr. Fibularia orulnm Lamk., 130.
vicia De Fr. EcTunocyamus pusillus Gray, 111.
volva Agass. Fibularia volva Agass., 130.

Galea Klein, 1734.

G-aleola Klein, 1734.

G-aleopygus Df.s. 1857 (err. typ. Galeropygus Cott.).

SYNONYMIC INDEX. 189

Galerites Lamk. 1801.

eckinonea Desml. Echinoni'us cyclostomus Leske, 118.
Galeropygus Cott. 1856.
Garelia Gray, 1855.

aequalis Gray. Echinolhrix calamaris A. Agass., 119.

clavata Gray. Echinothrix Desorii Pet., 120.

cincta A. Agass. Echinothrix turcarum Pet., 120.

subularis A. Agass. Echinothrix turcarum Pet., 120.

turcarum A. Agass. Echinothrix turcarum Pet., 120.
Genocidaris A. Agass. 1869.

maculata A. Agass. Temnechinus maculatus A. Agass., 1C5.
Globator Agass. 1840.
Glyphocyphus D'A. & H. 1853.
Glyphopneustes Pomel. 1869.
Glypticus Agass. 1840.
Glyptocidaris Agass. 1863.

crenularis A. Agass. Phymosoma crenulare A. Agass., 149.
Goniocidaris Des. 1846.

canaliculata A. Agass. Goniocidaris canaliculala A. Agass., 131.

geranioides Agass. Goniocidaris geranioides Agass., 131.

pistillaris Gray. Phyllacanthus baculosa A. Agass., 150.

Quoyii Val. Goniocidaris Inbaria LtJTK., 131.

tubaria A. Agass. Goniocidaris tubaria Lutk., 131.
Goniophorus Agass. 1838.
Goniopygus Agass. 1838.
Grasia Mich. 1854.
Gualteria Des. 1847.
Gymnocidaris A. Agass. 1863.

mctularia A. Agass. Cidaris metularia Bl., 98.

minor A. Agass. Cidaris metularia Bl., 98.

Haimea Mich. 1851.
Hamaxitus Trosch. 1851.

excaratus Trosch. Tripylus excavatus Phil., 169.
Hardouinia D'A. & H. 1853.
Hebertia Mich. 1859.
Heliechinus Gir. 1850.

Gouldii Gir. Hipponoe esculenta A. Agass., 135.
Heliocidaris Desml. 1846.

Castelnaudi IIupe\ Echinometra subangularis Desml., 117.

chlorotica Desml. Evechinus chloroticus Verrill, 128.

eurythrogramma Des. Strongylocentrotus eurythrogrammus A. Agass., 163.

margaritacea Agass. Echinus mar garitaceus Lamk., 124.

mexicana Agass. Echinometra subangularis Desml., 116.

omalostoma Des. Strongylocentrotus tuherculatus Br., 165.

paucituberculata Desml. Stomopneustes rariolaris Agass., 161.

variolaris Desml. Stomopneustes rariolaris Agass., 161.
Heliophora Agass. 1840.
Hemiaster Des. 1847.

australis A. Agass. Hemiaster australis A. Agass., 132.

carernosus A. Agass. Hemiaster cavernosus A. Agass., 132.
Hemibrissus Pomel. 1869.

ventricosus Pomel. Meoma venlricosa Lutk., 143.
Hemicidaris Agass. 1840.

190 SYNONYMIC INDEX.

Hemidiadema Agass. 1846.
Hemiechinus Gir. MS. 18C3.

depressus Gir. MS. Toxopneustes maculatus A. Agass., 167.

nobilis GlR. MS. Toxopneustes variegalus A. Agass., 168.

Hemipatagus Des. 1858.

mascareignarum Mien. Maretia planulala Gray, 140.
Hemipedina Wright, 1855.

cubensis A. Agass. Hemipedina cubensis A. Agass., 132.
Hemipneustes Agass. 1836.
Hemipygus Etall. 1862.
Heteraster D'Orbig. 1853.
Heterocentrotus Br. 1835.

carinatus Br, Heterocentrotus mammillatus Rr. 133.

mammillatus Br. Heterocentrotus mammillatus Br., 133.

Postellsii Br. Heterocentrotus mammillatus Br. 133.

taeniatus Br. Heterocentrotus trigonarius Br. 134.

trigonarius Br. Heterocentrotus trigonarius Br. 1 :i 4 .
Heterocentrus Gray, 1840 (err. typ. Heterocentrotus Br.).

mammillatus Mull. Heterocentrotus mammillatus Br, 133.

trigonarius Moll. Heterocentrotus trigonarius Bit. 134.
Heterocidaris Cott. 1860.
Heterodiadema Cott. 1802.
Heterolainpas Cott. 1862.
Heteropneustes Pom el, 1869.
Heterosalenia Corr. 1861.
Hipponoe Gray, 1840.

depressa A. Agass. Hipponni ilrpn-ssa A. Agass., 134.

esculenta A. Agass. Hipponoe esculenta A. Agass., 135.

nigricans A. Agass. Hipponoe variegata A. AGASS., 136.

sardim Gray, Hipponoe" variegata A. Agass., 135.

variegata A. Agass. Hipponoe variegata A. Agass., 135.

violacea A. Agass. Hip/iomn variegata A. Acass., 13G.
Holaster Agass. 1836.
Holectypus Des. 1842.

Holocentronotus Gray, 1855 (err. typ. Heterocentrotus Br.).
Holopneustes Ag vss. 1841.

complanatus Herkl, MS. Spikaerechinus pulcherrimus A. Agass., 160.

granulatus Agass. Holopneustes porosissimus Agass., 136.

inflatus A. Agass. Holopneustes inflalus A. Agass., 136.

porosissimus AGASS. Ilolnpnrustes porosissimus Ac;ass., 136.

purpurescens A. Agass. Holopneustes purpurescens A. Agass., 136.
Homolampas A. Agass. 1*7l'

fragilis A. Agass. Homolampas fragilis A. Agass., 137.
Hyboclypus Agass. 1839.
Hypechinus Des. 1855.
Hypodiadema Des. 1855.
Hyposalenia Des. 1856.
Hypsaster Pomel, 1869.
Hypsoclypus Pomel, 1869.
Hypsopatagus Pomel, 1869.

Infulaster Hagenow, 1851.

Insufulaster D'Orbig. 1853 (err. typ. Infulaster).

Isaster Des. 1858.

SYNONYMIC INDEX. 191

Keraiaphorus Mich. 1862.

Maillardi Mich. Coelopleurus Maillardi A. Agass., 102.
Kleinia Gkat, 1851.

luzonica Gray. Brissopsis luzonica A. Agass., 94.

nigra A. Agass. Meoma grandis Gray, 142.

Lagana Gray, 1825.

decagona Less. Peromelia ilecagonalis A. Agass., 148.

depressa Lkss. MS. Laganum depressum Less., 138.

laganum Gray. Laganum Bonani Kl., 137.

minor Gray. Laganum Bonani Kl., 137.

orbicularis Bl. Peronella Peronij Gray, 149.

ovalis Bl. Clypeaster scutiformis I.amk., 101.

scutiformis Gray. Clypeaster scutiformis Lamk., 101.

tonganense Q. & G. MS. Laganum depressum Less., 138.
Laganinum Gray, 1855 (err. typ. Laganum Kl ).

latissimum Gray. Clypeaster humilis A. Agass , 100.
Laganum Klein, 1734.

attenuatum Agass. Laganum depressum Less., 138.

australe Gray, MS. Peronella decagonalis A. Agass., 148.

Bonani Klein. Laganum Bonani Kl., 137.

cingulatuni Agass. Laganum depressum Less., 138.

decagonum Less. Peronella decagonalis A. Agass., 148.

depressum Less. Laganum depressum Lkss., 138.

ellipticum Agass. Laganum depressum Less., 138.

elongatum Agass. Peronella decagonalis A. Agass., 148.

latissimum Agass. Clypeaster humilis A. Agass., 100.

Lesueuri Val. Peronella decagonalis A. Agass., 148.

marginale Agass. Peronella orbicularis A. Agass., 149.

orbiculare Agass. Peronella orbicularis A. Agass., 149.

Peronii Agass. Peronella Peronii. Gray, 14 9.

Putnami Bar. Laganum Putnami Barn., 138.

rostratum Agass. Peronella rostrata A. Agass., 149.

Rumphii Klein. Rotula Rumphii Kl. 155.

Schynovetti ... Kl. Peronella orbicularis A. Agass., 149.

scutiforme Desor. Clypeaster scutiformis Lamk., 101.

stellatum Agass. Peronella Peronii Gray, 149.

tonganense Q. &. G. Laganum depressum Less., 138.
Leiocidaris Des. 1854.

affinis Duj. Hupe\ Dorocidaris papillata A Agass., 105.

Danae Du.i. Hup^. Cidaris Thouarsii Val., 99.

Iiystrix Duj. Hupe\ Dorocidaris papillata A. Agass., 105.

imperialis Des. Phyllacanthus imperialii Br., 151.

papillata Du.J. Hupe\ Dorocidaris papillata A. Agass., 105.

Stokesii Du.i. Hupe\ Dorocidaris papillata A. Agass., 105.

Tliouarsii Du.i. Hupe\ Cidaris Thouarsii Val., 98.
Leiocyphus Cott. 1866.
Leiopatagus Pomel, 1869.

depressus Pomel. Melalia maculosa A. Agass., 144.
Leiopedina Cott. 1866.
Leiosoma Cott. 1861.
Leiospatangus Meyer, 1860.
Lenita Agass., 1847.
Leodia Gray, 1851.

Richardsoni Gray. Melita sexforis A. Agass., 141.
Lepidechinus Hall, 1861.

192 SYNONYMIC INDEX.

Lepidesthes Vf. & M. 1868.
Lepidocentrus .1. Mull. 1856.
Leptocidaris Quenst. 1858.
Leskia (Gray,) 1851 non Rob. Desv.

mirabilis GRAY. Paleostoma mirabilis Love's, 147.
Linthia Mer. 1853.

australis A. Agass. Linthia australis A. Agass., 138.
Lissonotus (A. Agass.) 18G9 non Schon.

fragilis A. Agass. Homolampas/roj/fc A. Agass., 137.
Lolophora (Agass.) 1841 non Curt, nee Seuv.

Agassizii Bel v. Echinodiscus auritus Leske, 113.

aurila Agass. Echinodiscus axtxitua Leske, 112.

bifora Agass. Echinodiscus bif oris A. Agass., 113.

bifissa Ac iss. Echinodiscus auritus Leske, 113.

Desmouliusii Mich. MS. Echinodiscus biforis A. Agass., 113.

Deplanchei Mini. Echinodiscus laevis A. Agass., 113.

Dubusii Belv. Echinodiscus auritus Leske, 113.

tenuissima Vai.. Echinodiscus laevis A. Agass., 113.

texta A. Aii.vss. Echinodiscus laevis A. Agass., 113.

truncata Agass. Echinodiscus laevis A. Agass., 113.
Lovenia Des. 1847.

americana A. Agass. MS. Lovenia cordiformis LtJTK., 139.

cordiformis Lutk. MS. Lovenia cordiformis I.i tk., 139.

etnngata Ghat. Lovenia el on gala Gray, 139.

hystrix Des. Lovenia elongata GRAY, 139.

quadrimaculata Vai.. Maretia planulala Gray, 140.

subcarinata 'J hay. Lovenia subcarinata (In ay, 139.

triangularis A. Agass. Lovenia subcarinata Gray, 139.
Loxechinus Des. 1855.

albus Des. Strongylocentrotus albus A A.;\~s., 1G2.

purpuralus A. Agass. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus A. Agass., 165.
Lytechinus A. Agass. 1863.

atlanticus A. Agass. Toxopneustes variegatus A. Agass., 1G8.

carolinus A. Agass. Toxopneustes variegatus A. Agass., 168.

roseus Vkrrill. Toxopneustes pileolus Agass., 168.

semilulterculatus A. AGASS. Tiu-opneitsles scmituberrulatus A. Agass., 168.

variegatus A. Agass. Toxopneustes variegatus A. Agass., 168.

Mac Coya Pomel. 1869.
Macrophora Conrad, 1865.
Macropneustes Agass. 1847.
Maretia Gray, 1855.

alta A. Agass. Maretia alta A. Agass., 139.

planulala Gray. Maretia planulala Okay, 140.

variegata Gray. Maretia planulala Gray, 140.
Magnosia Mich. 1853.

Malebosis Pomel. 1869 (err. tvp. Melobosis Gin.).
Mellita Klein, 1734.

ampla Holm. Mellita testudinata Klein, 142.

caroliniana Ray. Mellita texforis A. Agass., 141.

erythraea Gray. Mellita erythraea Gray, 140.

hsxapora Agass. Mellita sexforis A. Agass., 141.

laevis Klein. Echinodiscus laevis A. Agass., 113.

lobata Agass. Encope emarginata Agass., 126.

longifissa Mich. Mellita longifissa MlCH., 140.

SYNONYMIC INDEX. lyt

Mellita Klein, 1734 (continued).

nummularia Val. Encope emarginata Agass., 127.

pacifica Verrill. Mellita pacifica Verrill, 141.

pentapora Lutk. Mellita testudinata Klein, 142.

quinquefora Agass. Mellita testudinata Klein, 142.

similis Agass. Mellita sexforis A. Agass., 141.

testudinata Klein. Mellita testudinata Klein, 141.

testudinaria Gray. Mellita testudinata Klein, 142.

testudinea Gray. Mellita testudinata Klein, 142.

sexforis A. Agass. Mellita sexforis A. Agass., 141.

Stokesii A. Agass. Mellita Stokesii A. Agass., 141.
Melebosis Duj. Hupe, 1862 (err. typ. Melobosis Gm.).

mirabilis Duj. Hupe\ Salmacis sulcata Agass., 156.
Melobosis Gm. 1850.

mirabilis Gir. Salmacis sulcata Agass., 156.

intermedins Gir. MS. Salmacis rarispina Agass., 156.

rarispinus A. Agass. Salmacis rarispina Agass., 156.
Melonechinus W. & M. 1800.
Melonites N. & 0. 1846.
Melonopsis M. & W. 1866.
Meoma Gray, 1851.

grandis Gray. Meoma grandis Gray, 142.

nigra Verrill. Meoma grandis Gray, 142.

ventricosa Lutk. Meoma ventricosa Lutk., 143.
Mespilia Des. 1846.

globulus Agass. Mespilia globulus Agass., 143.

Verrauxii Mich. MS. Mespilia globulus Agass., 143.
Metalia Gray, 1855.

africana A. Agass. Metalia africana A. Agass., 144.

Garetti Verrill. Metalia sternalis Gray, 145.

maculosa A. Agass. Metalia maculosa A. Agass., 144.

nobilis Verrill. Metalia maculosa A. Agass., 144.

pectoralis A. Agass. Metalia pectoralis A. Agass., 144.

sternalis Gray. Metalia sternalis Gray, 145.
Metaporhinus Agass. 1844.
Michelinia Dcj. Hope', 1862 (non Kon.).

elegans D. & H. Peronella decagonalis A. Agass., 148.
Micraster Agass. 1836.

canaliferus Agass. Schizasler canaliferus Agass., 157.

lacunosus Agass. Schizaster canaliferus Agass., 157.
Microcyphus Agass. 1841.

elegans A. Agass. Temnopleurus Hardwiclii A. Agass., 166.

maculatus Agass. Microcyphus maculatus Agass., 146.

Rousseaui Agass. Microcyphus maculatus Agass., 146.

versicolor Agass. Mespilia globulus Agass., 143.

zigzag Agass. Microcyphus zigzag Agass., 146.
Microdiadema Cott. 1863.
Micropedina Cott. 1867.
Micropsidia Pomel, 1869.
Micropsis Cott. 1856.
Milnia Haime, 1849.
Moera (Mich.) 1855 (non Leach nee Hubn.).

atrupos Mich. Moira atropos A. Agass., 146.

clotho Mich. Moira clotho A. Agass., 147.

lachesis Mich. Moira atropos A. Agass., 146.

stygya Lutk. MS. Moira stygia A. Agass., 147.

194 SYNONYMIC INDEX.

Moira A. Agass. 1872.

atropos A. Agass. Moira atropos A. Agass., I4f>.

clotho A. Agass. Moira clolho A. Agass., 147.

stygia A. Agass. Moira stygia A. Agass., 147.
Monophora Des. 1847.
Mortonia Ghat, 1851.

australis Gray. Fibularia australis Desml., 129.
Mortonia (Des.) 1857 non Gray.
Moulinia Agass. 1841.

cassidulina Agass. Encope emarginata Agass., 126.
Motdimia Agass. 1817, non Gratel. (err. typ.) Moulinia Agass.

cassidulina Agass. Encope emarginata Agass., 126.

Neolampas A. Agass. 1869.

rostellatus A. Agabs. Neolampas rostellata A. Agass., 147.
Nina Gray, 1855.

canalifera Gray. Schizaster canaliferus A. Agass., 157.

Jul,,. -ii Gray. Schizaster ventricosus GRAY, 158.

ventricosus Gray. Schizaster ventricosus Cray, 158.
Nuces Leske (V. P.) 177s.
Nucleolites Lam. 1801.

epigonus Mart. Nucleolites epigonus Mart.. 117.

oviformis Lam. Echiuolampas oviformis Gray, 114.

recens Edw. Echinobrissus recent D'Obbig., 108.

Richardii Desml. Rhynchopygus caribaearum Lute., 153.
Nucleolus Mart. 18G6 (err. typ. Nucleolites Lamk.).

epigonus Mart. Nucleolites epigonus Mart., 147.
Nucleopygus Agass. 1840.

Offaster Des. 1*57.

Oligophyma Pomel. 1869.

Oligoporus M. & W. 18 GO.

Olopneustes Pomel, 1869. (err. typ.) Holopneustes Agass.

Oolopygus DOrbig. 1857.

Opechinus Des. 1855.

Orthocidaris Cott. 1862.

Orthocidaris (A. Agass.) 186.3 (non Cott.).

affinis A. Agass. Dorocidaris /m/iMata A. Agass., 105.

hystrix A. Agass. Dorocidaris papiUata A. Agass., 105.

papillaia A. Agass. Dorocidaris papillate A. Agass., 105.
Orthopsis Con. L863.
Ova Leske (V. P.) 1778.

canaliferus Gray. Schizaster canaliferus Agass., 157.

Pachechinus A. Agass. MS.

Australiae A. Agass. MS. Sphaerechimm Australiae A. Agass., 159.
Fachyclypus Des. 1857.
Palaechinus Scocl. 1840.
Palaeocidaris Des. 1846.
Paleodiscus Salt. 1851.
Paleostoma Lovex, 1867.

mirabilis Lov^x. Paleostoma mirabilis Love's-, 147.
Parasalenia A. Agass. 1863.

gratiosa A. Agass. Parasalenia gtatiosa A. Agass., 148.

SYNONYMIC INDEX. 195

Paraster Pomel. 1869.

gibberulus Pomel. Schizaster gibberulus Agass., 158.
Pedicellaria Mull. 1776.
Pedina Agass. 1840.
Pedinopsis Cott. 1863.
Peltastes Agass. 1838.
Periaster D'Orbig. 1854.

cubensis D'Orbig. Meoma ventricosa Lutk., 143.

fragilis D'Orbig. Schizaster fragilis Agass., 157.

gibberulus D'Orbig. Schizaster gibberulus Agass., 158.

Peribrissus Pomel. 1869.

Pericosmus Agass. 1847.

Perinatus Des. MS.

laganoides Des. Echinostrophus molare A. Agass., 119.

Perischodomus McCoy, 1849.

Peronella Gray, 1855.

decagonalis A. Agass. Peronella decagonalis A. Agass., 148.

orbicularis A. Agass. Peronella orbicularis Agass., 149.

Peronii Gray Peronella Peronii Gray, 149.

rostrata A. Agass. Peronella rostrata A. Agass., 149.
Phyllacanthus Brandt, 1835.

annulifera A. Agass. Phyllacanthus annulifera A. Agass., 150.

baculosa A. Agass. Phyllacanthus baculosa A. Agass., 150.

dubia Br. Phyllacanthua dubia Br., 150.

fustigera Barn. Phyllacanthus imperialis Br., 151.

geranioides Br. Goniocidaris gcranwides Agass., 131.

giqantea A. Agass. Phyllacanthus gigantea A. Agass., 151.

hystrix Br. Dorocidaris papillata A. Agass., 105.

imperialis Br. Phyllacanthus imperialis Br., 151.

imperialis A. Agass. Phyllacanthus dubia Br., 150.

pistillaris Br. Phyllacanthus baculosa A. Agass., 150.

tribuloides Br. Cidaris tribuloides Bl., 98.

verticillata A. Agass. Phyllacanthus verticillata A. Agass., 151.
Phyllobrissus Cott. 1860.
Phymechinus Des. 1856.
Phymosoma D'A. & H. 1853.

crenu/aris A. Agass. Phymosoma crenulare A. Agass., 151.

Pileus Des. 1857.
Placenta Klein, 1734.

laevis Klein. Echiyiodiscus laevis A. Agass., 113.

testudinata Klein. Mellita testudinata Klein, 141.

Bonani Klein. Laganum Bonani Klein, 137.

Rumphii Klein. Rotula Rumphii Klein, 155.

Augusti Klein. Rotula Augusti Klein, 154.

rotula Briss. Rotula Augusti Klein, 154.
Plagionotm (Agass.) 1847, non Mdls. 1842.

africanus Verrill. Melalia africana A. Agass., 144.

Desorii Gray'. Metalia pectoralis A. Agass., 145.

nobHis A. Agass. Metalia maculosa A Agass., 144.

pectoralis Agass. Metalia pectoralis A. Agass., 144.

timorensis Mich. MS. Metalia maculosa A. Agass., 145.

Holmesii McCr. Metalia pectoralis A. Agass., 145.

Ravenellianus McCr. Melalia pectoralis A. Agass., 145.
Plagiopatagus Lutk. MS.

variegatus Lutk. Maretia planulata Gray', 140.

196 SYNONYMIC INDEX.

Platybrissus Grube, 1865.

Roemeri Gbube. Platybrissus Roemeri Grcbe, 152.
Pleurechinns Agass. 1841.

bothryoiiles Agass. Pleurechuius bothryoides Agass., 152.
Pluteus Mull. 1846.
Podocidaris A. Agass. 1869.

sculpta A. Agass. Podocidaris sculpta A. Agass., 152.
Podophora Agass. 1840.

atratu AGASS. Colobocentrotus atratus Br., 102.

Mertensii L). & II. Colobocentrotus Mertensii Br., 103.

pedifera Agass. Colobocentrotus atratus Br., 102.

quadriseriata Troscii. Colobocentrotus Mertensii Br., 103.

Quoi/ii A. AGASS. Colobocentrotus atratus Bit., 102.
Polyaster Mich. 1859 (non Gray).

elegans MlCH. Peromelia decagonnlis A. AGA8S., 148.
Polycidaris Quenst. 1858.
Polycyphus Agass. 1846.

Porocidaris Des. 1854.

purpurata W. Thom. MS. Porocidaris purpurata W. ThOM . 1S2,
Pourtalesia A. Agass. 1869.

miranda A. AGASS. Pourtalesia miranda A. Agass., 152.
Prenaster Des. 1853.
Prionocidaris A. Agass. 1863.

pistUlaris A. Ac \ss. Phyllacanthus baculosa A. Agass., 150.
Prodiadema Pomel. 1*69.
Psammechinus Agass. 1*16.

aciculatus Dim. Ill pe". Strongylocentrotus Gaimardi A. Agass., 1C3.

asteroides Gut. Evechinus chloroticus Verrill, 128.

cMoroticus A. Agass. Evechinus chloroticus Verrill, 128.

cupreus Trosch. MS. Echinus magellanicus Phil., 123.

decoratus I). & II. Echinus microtuberculatus Bi. . 121.

excavatus Agass. Toxopneustes varieyatus A. AGA88., 1B8.

ezoletus McCr. Toxopneustes variegatu* A. Agass., 169.

intermedius Barn. Strongylocentrotus intermedins A. Agass., 1G4.

Korenii Di:s. Echinus miliaris Mri.i... 125.

laganoides I). & II. Echinostrophus molare A. AGASS., 119.

longispinus D. & H. Echinostrophus iwilur, A. Agass., 119.

magellanicus I). & II. Ecldn us magellanicus I'imi.., 128.

micrntuhi rculiiius Agass. Echinus microtuberculatus Bi. . 124.

miliaris Agass. Echinus miliaris Mri.i... 125.

norvegicus AGASS. Echinus norvegicus Din. o. Kor., 125.

parvituhcrculalus Li'TK. Echinus microtuberculatus Bi.., 124.

pictus Verrill. Toxopneustes semituberculatus A. Agass., 1(J8.

pulchellus Bin inn. Echinus microtuberculatus Bi... 124.

pulcherrimus Barn. Sphaerechinus pulcherrimus A. Agass., 160.

puslulatus D. & H. Echinus miliaris Mri.i.., 125.

semituberculalus AGASS. Toxopnettsh s saniluhtrculatns A. AgASS., 1G8.

subangulosus Agass. Echinus angulosus A. Agass., 122.
variegatus Agass. Toxopneustes variegatus A. Agass.. 168.
verruculatus Li tk. Echinus angulosus A. Agass., 122.
Pseudoboletia Trosch. 1869.

granulata A. Agass. Pseudoboletia granulata A. Agass., 153.
Indiana A. Agass. -Pseudoboletia Indiana A. Agass., 153.
maculata Trosch. Pseudoboletia Indiana A. Agass., 153.
stenostoma Trosch. Pseudoboletia granulata A. Agass., 153.

SYNONYMIC INDEX. 197

Pseudocidaris Etall. 1862.
Pseudodesorella Etall. 1800.
Pseudodiadema Des. 1855.
Pseudopedina Cott. 1858.
Pseudosalenia Cott. 1859.
Psilechinus Lutk. 1864.

variegatus Lime. Toxopneustes variegatus A. Agass., 168.
Pygaulus Agass. 1847.
Pygaster Agass. 1836.
Pygorhynchus Agass. 1839.

pacificus Agass. Rhynchopygus pacificus A. Agass., 153.

sp. Agass. Rhynchopygus pacificus A. Agass., 153.
Pygurus Agass. 1839.
Pyrina Desml. 1835.

Ravenellia Lutk. 1864.
Rhabdocidaris Des. 1854.
Rhaphidoclypus A. Agass. 1863.

microtuberculatus A. Agass. Clypeasler scutiformis Lamk., 101.

scutiformis A. Agass. Clypeaster scutiformis Lamk., 101.
Rhyncholampas A. Agass. 1869.

caribaearum A. Agass. Rhynchopygus caribaearum Lutk., 153.

pacificus A. Agass. Rhynchopygus pacificus A. Agass., 153.
Rhynchopygus D'Orbig. 1855.

caribaearum Lutk. Rhynchopygus caribaearum Lutk., 153.

guadeloupensis D'Orbig. Rhynchopygus caribaearum Lutk., 153.

pacificus A. Agass. Rhynchopygus pacificus A. Agass., 153.
Rhynobrissus A. Agass. 1872.

pyramidalis A. Agass. Rhynobrissus pyramidalis A. Agass., 154.
Rhyssobrissus A. Agass. 1863.

nigir A. Agass. Meoma grandis Gray, 142.
Rotula Klein, 1734.

Augusti Klein. Rotula Augusti Klein, 154.

digitata Agass. Rotula Rumphii Klein, 1 55.

Gualteri Gray. Rotula Augusti Klein, 154.

Kleinii Mich. MS. Rotula Rumphii Klein, 155.

Rumphii Klein. Rotula Rumphii Klein, 155.
Rumphia Des. 1857.

Lesueurii A. Agass. Peronella decagonalis A. Agass., 148.

Peronii Des. Peronella Pcronii Gray, 149.

rostrata Des. Peronella rostrata A. Agass., 149.
Runa Agass. 1841.

Salenia Gray, 1835.

varispina A. Agass. Salenia varispina Agass., 155.
Salenocidaris A. Agass. 1869.

varispina A. Agass. Salenia varispina Agass., 155.
Salmacis Agass. 1841.

bicolor Agass. Salmacis bicolor Agass., 156.

conica Mart. Salmacis sulcata Agass., 156.

Desmoulinsii D. & H. Salmacis Dussumieri Agass., 156.

Dussumieri Agass. Sabnacis Dussumieri Agass , 156.

festivus Grube. Salmacis rarispina Agass., 156.

globator Agass. Salmacis globator Agass., 156.

pyramidata Trosch. Salmacis rarispina Agass., 156.

19S SYNONYMIC INDEX.

Salmacis Aoass. 1841 (continued).

rarispinus Agass. Salmacis rarispina Agass , 156.

rubrotinctus Gkube. Salmacis rarispina Agass., 156.

sulcatus Agass. Salmacis sulcata Agass., 156.

varius Agass. Salmacis rarispina Agass., 156.

virgulatus Agass. Salmacis sulcata Agass., 156.
Savignya Des. 1855.

calamaria Des. Echinothrix calamaris A. Agass., 120.

Desorii Des. Echinothrix Desorii Pet., 120.

gpinosissima Des. Echinothrix turcarum Pet., 121.

subularis Des. Echinothrix turcarum Pet., 121.

Frappieri MlCH. Echinothrix Desorii Pet., 120.

Scaphechinus Bakn. 1863.

inirabilis Barn. Echinarachnius mirabilis A. Agass., 107.

Schizaster Agass. 1886.

atropos Agass. Moira atropns A. Agass., 146.
canal if cr us Agass. Scliiznsli r canaliferus Agass., 157.
contains BRON. Schizaster canaliferus Agass., 157.

cubensis D'Obbiq. Meoma vi ntricosa Lute., 143.
cubensis A. A(;ass. Schizaster fragUit Agass., 157.
fragilis Agass. Schizaster fragUis Agass.. 157.

gibberulus Agass. Schizaster gibberulus Agass., 158.
incertus Aradas. Brissopsis lyrifera Ag iss., 96.
Jukesii GRAY. Schizaster ventricosus GRAY, 158.

Lachesis (Jin. Moira atropos A. Ag i»„ 146.
Philippii A. AGASS. Schizaster Philippii A. Ag \--., 158.
ventricosus GRAY. Schizaster ventricosus GRAY, 158.

Schizechinus Pomel, 1869.

i rearatus Pomel. Toxopncustes variegatus A. Agass.. 169.

semituberculatus Pomel. Toxopneusti s semituhi rculatus A. Agass., 168.

variegatus Pomel. Toxopneusles variegatus A. Agass., 169.
Schizobrissus Pomel, 1869.
Scutella Lam. 1816.

ambigena Lam. Clypeaster humilis A. Agass., 100.

aurita Bl. Echinoiliscus auritus Lf.ske, 112.

bifissa Lam. Echinodiscus auritus I.eske, 112.

bifora Lam. Echinodiscus biforis A. Agass., 113.

bifora DesML. Echinodiscus taens A. AgaSS., 113.

biforis Be. Echinoiliscus laevis A. Agass., 113.

bilinearifora Desml. Echinodiscus biforis A. Agass., 113.

caroliniana Rav. Mellila sexforis A. Agass., 141.

cassidulina Desml. Eneope emarginata Agass.. 126.

clypeastriformis Be. ' 'IgpeasUr scutiformis Lamk., 101.

decadactylos Bl. Rotula Augusti Ki.., 154.

decagonalis Less. Peronella decagonalis A. Agass., 148.

dentata Lam. Rotula Rumphii Ki. , 155.

digitata Lam. Rotula Augusti Kl., 154.

emarginata Lam. Eneope emarginata Agass., 126.

excentrica Escn. Echinarachnius excentricus Val., 107.

gibbosa (Rav.) Clypeaster subdepressus Agass., 101.

hexapora Bl. Mellila safaris A. Ag \ss.. 141.

inaurila Bl. Echinodiscus auritus Leske, 113.

Integra Brug. ?

japonica Mart. Echinarachnius mirabilis A. Agass., 107.

laganum Be. Laganum Bonani Kl., 137.

latissima Lam. Clypeaster humilis A. Agass., 98.

SYNONYMIC INDEX. 199

Scutella Lam. 181 G (continued).

octodactylas Bl. Rotula Augusti Kl., 154.

orbicularis (Lam.). Peromelia Peronii Gray, 149.

ovalis Agass. Clypeaster scutiformis Lamk., 101.

parma Lam. Echinarachnius parma Gray, 107.

pentapora Bl. Mellita testudiuata Kl., 142.

pentaphora Say. Mellita testudinata Kl., 142.

placenta Bam. Arachnoides placenta Agass., 90.

placunaria Lam. Clypeaster humUis A. Agass., 100.

porpita Deslong. Arachnoides placenta Agass., 90.

quadrifora Lam. Encope emarginata Agass., 126.

quinquefora Lam. Mellita testudinata Kl., 142.

quinqueloba Esch. Encope emarginata Agass., 126.

radiata Bl. Rotula Rumphii Kl., 155.

reticulata Bl. Clypeaster scutiformis Lamk., 101.

Rumphii Bl. Echinarachnius parma Gray, 108.

semisol Bl. Rotula Rumphii Kl., 155.

sexforis Lam. Mellita sexforis A. Agass., 141.

slriatula Conrad. Echinarachnius excentricus Yal., 107.

tetrapora Bl. Encope emarginata Agass , 126.

trifaria Say. Echinarachnius parma Gray, 108.
Scutellina Agass. 1841.
Scutum Klein, 1734.

ovatum Klein. Echinolampas oviformis Gray, 114.
Sismondia Des. 1857.
Spatagoides Klein, 1734.
Spatagus Mill. 1774.

flavescens Mull. Echinocardium flavescens A. Agass., 110.

purpureus Mull. Spatangus purpureus Leske, 158.

pusillus Mull. Echinocyamus pusillus Gray, 111.
Spatangites Leske, 1778.
Spatangus Klein, 1734.

alius Lutk. MS. Spatangus Lutkeni A. Agass., 158.

arcuarius Lam. Echinocardium cordatum Gray, 109.

atropos Lam. Moira atropos A. Agass , 146.

Australasiae Leach. Breynia Australasiae Gray, 95.

australis Phil. Hemiaster australis A. Agass., 132.

brissus Leske. ?

canaliferus Lam. Schizaster canaliferus Agass., 157.

carinatus Lam. Brisstis carinatus Gray, 96.

carinatus Risso. Brissus unicolor Kl., 97.

cavernosas Phil. Hemiaster carernosus A. Agass, 132.

columbaris Lam. Brissus unicolor Kl., 97.

compressus Lam. Metalia maculosa A. Agass., 144.

contains Flem. Echinocardium cordatum Gray, 109.

Crux Andreae Lam. Breynia Australasiae Gray, 95.

elongatus Gray. Lovenia elongata Gray, 139.

excavatus Phil. Tripylus excavatus Phil. 169.

Jlavescens Abild. Echinocardium cordatum Gray, 109.

grand'is Bl. Metalia pectoralis A. Agass., 144.

Gualterii Bl. Schizaster canaliferus Agass., 157.

lacunosus Leske. Schizaster canaliferus Agass., 157.

lacunosus Mull. Echinocardium cordatum Gray, 109.

latecarinatus Leske. Brissus carinatus Gray, 96.

Liitkeni A. Agass. Spatangus Lutkeni A Agass., 158.

maculosus Leske. Metalia maculosa A. Agass., 144.

200 SYNONYMIC INDEX.

Spatangus Klein, 1734 {continued).

meridionalis Risso. Spatangus purpureits Leske, 159.

merid 'ionalis Anglic. Auct. (Norman). Spatangus Raschi Love's, 159.

orthonotus Conrad. Echinocardium pennatifidum Norm., 111.

ovalus Flem. Echinocardium flavescens A. Agass., 110.

ovatus Leske. Brissus imicolor Kl., 97.

ovatus Lmk. Brissus unicolor Ki. , 97.

ovatus Leske. Mar etia plan ulata Gray, 140.

pectoralis Lamk. Metalia pectoralis A. Agass., 144.

placenta Phil. Brissus unicolor Kl., 97.

plaiiulatus Lamk. Maretia planulala Gray, 140.

pulvinatus Phil. Brusopsis lyrifera Agass., 96.

purpureus Leske. Spatangus purpureus Leskb, 158.

pusillus Mull. Echinocardium cordatum Gray, 109.

pusillus Leske. Echinocardium cordatum Gray, 109.

Raschi Love's - . Spatangus Raschi Love's, 159.

Reaumuri Desml. Echinocardium cordatum Gray, 109.

Reginae Gray. Spatangus purpureus Leske, 159.

Rumphii Desml. Metalia maculosa A. Agass., 144.

spinosissimus Des. Spatangus purpureus Leske, 159.

sternalis Lam. Metalia slernalis Gray, 145.

subcarinatus Gray. Lovenia subcarinata Gray, 189.

unicolor Leske. Brissus unicolor Kl., 97.

unicolor Bl, Brissus unicolor Kl., 97.

variegatus Gray. Maretia planulata Gray, 140.

ventricosus I, am. Meoma ventricosa I.i i k., 143.
Sphaerechinus Des. 1856.

Australiae A. Agass. Sphaerechinus Australiae A. Agass, 159.

brcris/iimisiK Des. Sphaerechinus granulans A. Agass , 1C0.

esculentus Dim. Hups*. Echinus esculentus Linn., 123.

esculentus Bronx. Sphaerechinus granularii A Agass., 159.

gibbasus IH'.i IlrrE. Strnngylncentrntus gililiosus A. Agass., 164.

granulans A. Agass. Sphaerechinus granulans A. Agass., 159.

pulcherrimus A. Agass. Sphaerechinus pulcherrimus A. Agass., 160.
Sphaeriechinus Lutk. 18C4 (err. ryp.).

indianus LiJTK. Pseudoboletia indiana A. Agass., 153.
Stenonia Des. 18.57.
Stephanocidaris A. Agass. 1863.

bispinosa A. Ac \-s. Stephanocidaris bispinosa A. Agass., 1C0.

tubaria A. Agass. Stephanocidaris bispinosa A. Agass., 1C0.
Stigmatopygus D'Orbig. 1855.
Stirechinus Des. 1856.
Stoloniclypeus Verrill, 18G7 (err. typ.).

rotundus Verrill. Clypeaster rotundus A. Agass., 100.
Stolonoclypus Agass. 1863.

placunarius Agass.

prostratus A. Agass. Clypeaster subdepressus Agass., 101.

Ravenellii A. Agass. Clypeaster subdepressus Agass., 101.

rotundus A. Agass. Clypeaster rotundus A. Agass., 100.
Stomechinus Des. 1855.
Stomopneustes Agass. 1841.

oariolaris Agass. Stomopneustes variolaris Agass., 161.
Strongylocentrotus Br. 1835.

allnis A. Agass. Strongylocentrotus albus A. Agass., 162.

armiger A. Agass. Strongylocentrntus armiger A. Agass., 162.

chlorocentrotus Br. Strongylocentrotus Drbbachiensis A. Agass., 162.

SYNONYMIC INDEX. 201

Strongylocentrotus Br. 1835 (continued).

depressus A. Agass. Strongylocentrotus depressus A. Agass., 162.
Drb'bachiensis A. Agass. Strongylocentrotus Drbbachiensis A. Agass., Ifi2.
eurylhrogrammus A. Agass. Strongylocentrotus eurythrogrammus A. Agass., 163.
franciscanus A. Agass. Strongylocentrotus franciscanus A. Agass., 163.
Gaimardi A. Agass. Strongylocentrotus Gaimardi A. Agass., 163.
gibbosus A. Agass. Strongylocentrotus gibbosus A. Agass., 164.
intermedins A. Agass. Strongylocentrotus intermedins A. Agass., 164.
lividus Br. Strongylocentrotus lioidus Br., 164.
longispina Br. Echinostrephus molare A. Agass., 119.
mexicanus A. Agass. Strongylocentrotus mexicanus A. Agass., 165.
mola Br. Echinostrephus molare A. Agass., 119.
nudus A. Agass. Strongylocentrotus nudus A. Agass., 165.
parvitubercula/us Br. Echinus microtuberculatus Bl , 124.
purpuratus A. Agass. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus A. Agass., 165.
subglobi/ormis Br. Sphaerechinus granulans A. Agass., 160.
tuberculalus Br. Strongylocentrotus tuberculatus Br., 165.

Temnechinus Forbes, 1852.

maculalus A. Agass. Temnechinus maadatus A. Agass., 165.
Temnocidaris (A. Agass.). 18G3 (non Cott.).

canaliculata A. Agass. Goniocidaris canaliculata A. Agass., 13.
Temnocidaris Cott. 1863.
Temnopleurus Agass. 1841.

bolhryoides Agass. Pleurechinus bothryoides Agass., 152.

depressus D'A. & H. Temnopleurus loreumaticus Agass., 1G6.

elegans Mich. MS. SalmacLi Dussumieri Agass., 156.

Hardwickii A. Agass. Temnopleurus Hardioickii A. Agass, 166.

japonicus Mart. Temnopleurus Hardwickii A Agass., 166.

Heecesii A. Agass. Temnopleurus loreumaticus Agass., 166.

Reynaudi Agass. Temnopleurus Reynaudi Agass., 166.

toreuma icus Agass. Temnopleurus loreumaticus Agass., 166.
Temnotrema A. Agass. 1863.

sculpta A. Agass. Temnopleurus Hardwickii A. Agass. 166.
Tetragramma Agass. 1840.
Tetrapygus Agass. 1841.

aequituberculatus Agass. Arbacia pustulosa Gray, 92.

grandinosus Agass. Arbacia pustulosa Gray. 92.

niger Agass. Arbacia nigra A. Agass., 91.

pustulosis Agass. Arbacia pustulosa Gray, 92.
Thrichodiadema A. Agass. 1863.

coronatum A. Agass. Centrostephanus coronatus A. Agass., 97.

Rodgersii A. Agass. Centrostephanus Rodgersii A. Agass., 98.
Thrichoproctus Agass. MS.

tenuis Agass MS. Maretia plamdata Gray, 140.
Toreumatica Gray, 1855.

concaoa A. Agass. Temnopleurus Reynaudi Agass., 166.

concava Gray. Salmacix Dussumieri Agass., 156.

granulosa Gray. Temnopleurus Reynaudi Agass., 166.

Hardwickii Gray. Temnopleurus Hardwickii A. Agass., 166.

Reevesii Gray. Temnopleurus Reynaudi Agass., 166.
Toxaster Agass. 1840.
Toxobrissus Des. 1858.
Toxocidaris A. Agass. 1863.

crassispina A. Agass. Strongylocentrotus tuberadatus Br., 165.

202 SYNONYMIC INDEX.

Toxocidaris A. Agass. 1863 (continued).

Delalandi A Agass. Strongylocentrotus eurythrogrammus A. Agass., 1G3.

depressa A. Agass. Strongylocentrotus depressus A Agass., 162.

eurythrogramma Yekrill. Sironyulnrenirnius < uri/ilii-tH/rnmmus A. Agass., 1G3.

franciscana A. Agass. Strongylocentrotus Jranciscanus A. Agass., 163.

globulosa A. Agass. Strongylocentrotus Jranciscanus A. Agass., 163.

komalostoma Verrill. Strongylocentrotus tuberculatum Bit., 165.

mexicana (A. Agass.) Strongylocentrotus mexicanus A. Agass., 165.

inula A. Agass Strongylocentrotus nudus A. Agass., l '»■">.

purpurea Mart. Strongylocentrotus tuberculatum Br., 165.
Toxopneustes Agass. IS II.

aequituberculatus DOJ. Hi tk. Sphaerechinus granularis Des, 160.

albidus Agass. Sphaerechinus granularis A. Agass.. 160.

brevispinosus Agass. Sphaerechinus granularis A. Ag \^~., 160.

carnosus Barn. Strongylocentrotus Drobachiensis A. Agass., 162.

chlorocentrolus Lute. Strongylocentrotus Drobachiensis A Agass., 162.

complanatus AGASS. Strongylocentrotus lividus 1!r., 164.

concavus Agass Strongylocentrotus lividus Br., 164.

Delalandi Agass. Strongylocentrotus eurythrogrammus A. Agass., 168.

DrSbachiensis AGASS. Strongylocentrotus Drobachiensis A. Agass., 162.

Dubeni Agass. Strongylocentrotus DrSbachiensis A. Agass., l'i.s

gibbosus Agass. Strongylocentrotus gibbosus A. Agass, 164.

grandiporus LiJTK. Strongylocentrotus intermedius Agass., 164.

granulosus Agass. Strongylocentrotus Drobachiensis A. Agass., 162.

granularis Agass. S/iltaeneliinus granularis A. Agass. 1 .">:».

indianus .Mini. Pseudoboletia indiana A. Agass., 153.

lividus AGASS. Strongylocentrotus lividus Bh., 164.

maculatus A. Agass. Toxopneustes maculatus A. Agass., 167.

mammillatus Mn ii. MS. Strongylocentrotus lividus Bit., 164.

neglectus Agass. Strongylocentrotus DrSbachiensis A. Agass., 162.

pallidus (J. Sars. Strongylocentrotus DrSltachiensis A. Agass., 163.

pictus Norman. Slro trotus DrSbachiensis A. Agass., 163.

pileolus Ac \ss. Toxopneustes pill olus Agass., 167.

sp. Verrill. Strongylocentrotus mexicanus A Agass., 165.

semituberculalus A. Agass. Toxopneustes semituberculaius A Agass., 168.

tuberculatum Agass. Strongylocentrotus luberculatus Br. 165.

variegatus A. Agass. Toxopneustes variegalus A. Agass., 168.
Trachygaster Pomel, 1869.
Trachypatagus Pomel, 1869
Trematopygus D'Orbig. L855.
Trigonocidaris A. Agass. 1869.

albida A. Ag \s^. Trigonocidaris albida A AGASS., 169.
Tripneustes Ag ass. 1841.

angulosus Dim. Hope". Hipponoe variegata A Agass., 135.

bicolor Vai.. Per. Hipponoe variegata \. Ag \s>. 135.

depressus A. Agass. Hipponoe depressa A. Agass., 134.

fasciatus Duj. Hupe". Hipp iala A. Agass., 136.

fuscus Mich. Hipponoi variegata A. Agass., 136.

obtusangulus Agass. Hipponoe variegata A Agass., 136.

pentagonus Agass. Hipponoe variegata A. Agass., 135.

Peronii Pkrrier. Hipponoe variegata A. Agass., 136.

sarrlicu* Agass. Hipponoe variegata A. Agass., 135.

senkenbergianus Troscii. MS. Ilippnnui rariegata A. Agass., 136.

subcoeruleus Agass. Hipponoe variegata A. Agass., 135.

ventricosvs Agass. Hipponoe esculenta A. Agass., 135.

zigzag Man. Hipponoe variegata A. Agass., 136.

SYNONYMIC INDEX. 20o

Tripylus Phil. 1845.

australis Phil. Hemiaster ausiralis A. Agass, 132.

cavemosus Phil. Hemiaster cauernosus A. Agass., 132.

excavatus Phil. Tripylus excavatus Phil., 1G9.
fragilis Sars. Schizaster fragUis Agass., 157.

grandis Tkosch. Faoriua chinensis Gray, 129.

Philippii Giiay. Schizaster Philippii A. Agass., 158.

Wrightia (Pomel), 1869 non Agass. 1863.

Xanthobrissus A. Agass. 1863.

Garetti A. Agass. Metalia sternalis Gray, 145.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

All that we know of the Geographical Distribution of marine animals is,
with the exception of very contracted areas, limited to strictly littoral dis-
tribution. It is true that the Deep Sea Dredging Expeditions, since the
laying of the Atlantic cable, have given us considerable additional informa-
tion respecting the geographical distribution of marine life on the bottom of
the northern part of the Atlantic, but that is as yet only sketched out roughly,
though sufficiently to show us the probable mode of distribution of animals
at different depths according to the temperature, forming tolerably well-
defined belts, similar to the great belts of distribution of animals and plants
as we ascend in altitude or in latitude, though the latter does not form ap-
parently so important a part in the distribution of marine life as in the case
of land animals and plants. On land, when we have alpine and arctic as-
semblages of similar animals and plants occurring in far distant geographi-
cal points (latitudinally distant), the identity of forms extends to but few
types ; while, as far as we can judge from the little we know of the inhabi-
tants of the deeper parts of the Atlantic, the same species have a wide
geographical range far exceeding any similar distribution on land. While
on land we have a circumpolar arctic fauna extending with outliers at only
comparatively short distances on the highest parts of the adjoining temper-
ate tracts, we have probably an abyssal circumpolar marine fauna extending
far into the tropics, surrounded at its lowest base (the littoral edges) by
fauna? of the most, diversified character, — a feature entirely unknown in the
distribution of life upon the land. Of course we have the analogous feature
of the change of life as we proceed in altitude in a mountain-chain, but that
is a homologue of a similar change in marine life as we change the depth ;
and although we have something analogous to a well-characterized fauna
surrounded by widely different elements east and west and north and south
in the Rocky Mountains, yet we have nowhere such a diversified condition
of life as we find in the littoral elements surrounding what at present
we may call the Atlantic Realm, surrounded by the circumpolar littoral

206 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

fauna, — the Lusitanian, the West African, the Tropical Atlantic, and the
American Boreal forming the base of life as it were of the Atlantic Realm.
It is not a little remarkable that the point urged by Sars with so much
force (in absence of evidence) against Loven's theory of the distribution
of life, — of a uniform fauna throughout the bottom of the deeper parts of
the Atlantic, — should so soon have been disproved by actual exploration;
the presence of Rhizocrinus lofotensis, Schizaster fragilis, Homolampas fra-
gilis, Echinus norvegieus, Dorocidaris papillata. Echinoeyamus pusillus, at
such widely distant points and with such great bathymetrical range, shows
that the theory proposed by Loven gives, as far as we know, a rational ex-
planation of many phenomena hitherto imperfectly understood in the distri-
bution of marine life in the different bathymetrical hells. The explorations
now going on under the auspices of the United States Coast Survey will
probably extend our knowledge on this subject so materially that it
seems useless to attempt any further exposition of the subject till their
results are available, and 1 will limit myself, in discussing the geograph-
ical distribution of Echini, to strictly littoral divisions; not that I do not
expect the material likely to he collected will not modify to some extent
the limits assigned to the littoral divisions here sketched out. hut in the
main they are likely to be tolerably correct, if we ma\ judge from the na-
ture of the material thus far brought together in different public museums
of Europe and America by the exploring expeditions sent at different times
during this century by all the great continental nations. They have ex-
plored more or less thoroughly the shore lines at least of the greater
part of the world, leaving but few spots about which we actually know
nothing, so far at lea-1 as the distribution of Echini is concerned. It was. in-
deed, a matter of great surprise to find how few species of Echini hitherto
not noticed were not to be found in the vast stores of the British .Museum, the
Jardin des Plantes, the .Museums of Copenhagen. Stockholm. Berlin. Vienna.
Everywhere, although from different localities, were found repetitions of spe-
cies already well known, so that in making a map of the littoral regions we
find but short stretches of shores completely unexplored. Of course addi-
tional species will undoubtedly turn up even in the best explored localities,
but we have probably a very fair representation of the littoral Echini of the
world.

In following out the geographical distribution of such a limited order as
the Echini, we have the great advantage of being able to carry in our mind

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 207

the exact range of each species, and thus to see how far the limits of the
littoral faunae recognized among Mollusca hy Forbes and Woodward, and
among Crustacea by Dana, can be accepted for the Echini. Our limitation
of a fauna seems as arbitrary as that of a geological period. We take a cer-
tain assemblage of animals at any special point, and, contrasting them with
a different adjoining assemblage, frequently conclude that because we find
differences we are entitled to consider this a different fauna. Such may or
may not be the case on a more careful analysis of the range of the elements
composing these two assemblages, but too often it will turn out, when carefully
analyzed, that what we call a fauna is simply an overlapping of the range
of two more distant faunas, giving the intermediate district a peculiar phy-
siognomy not always readily separable into its constituent elements, either
from want of material or from imperfect identifications. It is frequently
almost impossible to determine to which littoral district certain points belong,
from the even balance held by the elements of the various districts found
there. At the Cape Verde Islands we find a nearly equal number of species
known to inhabit the Mediterranean, the West Indies, and tropical Africa ;
but there is no reason for making a special fauna of that part of the coast,
any more than the mingling of the arctic species of the west coast of
Norway with the Lusitanian, British, and even Mediterranean or Atlantic
species, entitles the Scandinavian shores to rank as a littoral fauna.
Nor does the presence of Arctic, West Indian, and boreal American species
south of Cape Cod entitle that region to form a special littoral fauna. It
has nothing peculiarly its own, as far as Echini are concerned, and is simply
an assemblage of species ranging far beyond the limits which the greater
number of species have. It is our ability thus to eliminate foreign elements
which will give our divisions greater or less aceuracy. Nor does the presence
of Atlantic species along the Virginia and North Carolina coast, associated
with West India species, entitle this region to be considered as a
special faunistic littoral division. It is a very peculiar littoral district,
as much so as the one immediately south of Cape Cod ; but it is an as-
semblage of foreign elements which, although they apparently give to the
coast of South Carolina, north and south, a very peculiar aspect, so far as its
Echini fauna is concerned, is yet made up of species (component elements)
having a very wide geographical distribution, and forming parts of totally
different combinations. It may be useful to have names for these assem-
blages, but they have no biological value. At first glance the presence of

208 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

Echinarachnius parma on the east coast of North America strikes us as very
characteristic of a Canadian fauna, yet when we remember that it is found
on both sides of North America and on the east side of Asia, extending
probably far south into the great Indo-Pacific Littoral Realm, Ave at once see
that although we have on the east coast of North America several of these
littoral assemblages, we have in reality only two faunaa, one the Circnmpolar,
the other the West Indian, which meet at Cape Cod, and by combination
with the Pacific Boreal, the Lusitanian, the Atlantic, and the Mediterranean,
form littoral assemblages which have thus far received the name of fauna?,
but are evidently not entitled to it.

The Littoral Districts, which have been mapped out on PL A and B, are
not made from any preconceived notions, but have been taken from the dis-
tribution of the several species of the annexed lists. We cannot fail to be
struck with the remarkable coincidence of the great belts of temperature
first mapped out by Dana, which are here copied from his map on the geo-
graphical distribution of Crustacea, ami the approximate limits of many of
our littoral districts, — an agreement which is still more striking when we come
to examine the range of the principal genera.

The number of littoral districts recognized is considerably smaller than the
number of provinces adopted by Forbes. Woodward, and Dana, the principal
writers on the limits of marine geographical provinces. This is due in part
to the smaller number of species of Echini, but the principal cause of the
extensive range of so many species must be looked for in the influence of
the currents.

The effect which currents play in shaping the geographical distribution of
marine animals is very great; we have an example in the Gulf Stream and
the northern branch of the Amazonian current flowing into the Gulf of
Mexico, which account fully for the great range of the more common littoral
species. The Japanese current makes itself fell as far as San Diego, two
species of Echini extending in the Northern Pacific from the northern part
of Japan along Kamtchatka. the Aleutian Islands. Sitka. Vancouver's Island,
the one as far as Cape Mendocino ( S. Drobachiensis), the other (Echinarach-
nius excentricus) to San Diego. The Indo-Pacific equatorial current has
undoubtedly been the main agent of the extensive geographical range of
such species as Cidaris metularia, Echinoneus cyclostomus, Heterocentrotus
mammillatus, Diadema setosum, Ilipponoe variegata. Echinolampas ovifor-
mis, Brissus carinatus, Clypeaster humilis.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 209

The effect of currents in thus extending the distribution of marine ani-
mals would act very differently upon the several classes of the animal king-
dom, and its efficiency depends to a great extent upon the nature of their
earlier stages, and upon their habits during that period. The time during
which the Pluteus of Echini remains helpless at the mercy of the winds and
currents is considerable ; from early spring till late in the summer or fall is
the usual time required for the full growth of the Pluteus in many species
of Sea-urchins, and the distance which the young could thus be transported,
even by a sluggish current, during a single season, must be considerable,
even under the most unfavorable circumstances.

As many Echini are not affected by a great range of depth (1200 fathoms),
and reproduce themselves frequently at the end of the third year, and even
of the second year, after the resorption of the Pluteus, it is not astonishing the
same species should be found in every extreme position of depth, latitude,
and longitude.

Various writers have attempted to retrace, in former geological periods,
the probable course of the currents and their effect upon the geographical
distribution of marine animals ; they all agree in representing, up to the Cre-
taceous period, an unbroken equatorial current, passing through Central
Asia, Arabia, the northern part of Africa, and connecting with the Pacific by
a narrow strait through the Isthmus of Panama. The existence of this con-
nection in the Cretaceous period is placed beyond doubt by the presence of
an Ananchytes, which I am unable to distinguish from Ananchytes radiata,
collected on the Isthmus of Panama, and now in the possession of Yale Col-
lege, kindly loaned me for examination by Professor Verrill. From the small
number of identical species, either of Mollusca, Crustacea, or Fishes, record-
ed on both sides of the Isthmus, this connection must have been very im-
perfect at a comparatively recent geological period, — since the existence of
the present faunae.

The question naturally arises. Have we not in the different faunae of both
sides of the Isthmus a standard by which to measure the changes which
these species have undergone since the raising of the Isthmus of Panama
and the isolation of the two fauna? ? If the upheaval of the Isthmus has
been gradual, it must, of course, have cut off the deep-water species on both
sides of the Isthmus, and gradually have isolated the more shallow, till the
littoral species also became separated. As a natural consequence, the deeper
we go, the farther back in time we must expect to find the representation,

210 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

— ;i result which is strikingly confirmed by the nature of the deep-water
fauna of the West Indies. Unfortunately we have not, as in the case of
the littoral faunas, a standard of comparison. At the same time, with the
gradual closing of the Isthmus of Panama, the greater part of Central Asia,
of the Arabian Peninsula, and of Northern Africa was emerging from the
sea, reducing the range of the equatorial current, and thus confining the
course of the currents much as they are at the present time. This would
thus cause a limitation in the range of the species formerly having the
greatest distribution, and extend that of those which were more local.

If migration on land when continents were joined together, and subse-
quent variations after their isolation through submergence, has been the
main agent in the distribution of the existing terrestrial fauna 1 , we must ac-
knowledge a similar agency to currents in the distribution of marine faunas;
and by the submergence or rise of various portions of the continents, we
shall be able, if we can trace these changes, to reconstruct within certain
limits the altered courses of the main oceanic currents, and get some idea of
the probable geographical distribution at different geological epochs. The
greater the batliymetrical range of littoral species, the longer will such spe-
cies remain unaffected, while deep-sea species may early become isolated
and remain as outliers as it were, — mementoes of a former condition of
currents, or even of a previous geological period. The careful analysis of
the fauna of a given point, its comparison with other faunae, and accurate
batliymetrical data, would go far towards reconstructing the Natural History
of the sea in former ages, and showing its relation to the present and past
times.

The representative species of Echinus, Echinocardium, Brissopsis, Schi-
zaster, in the Arctic and Antarctic boreal zones would be considered as the
living representatives of a cosmopolitan fauna existing at the time when tin-
great equatorial current flowed unbroken round the globe, sending branches
north and south along Eastern North and South America, along Eastern
Japan and Australia, and the Eastern Coast of Africa ; while the tropical
species of the genera Diadcina. Clypeaster, Echinoneus, Echinolampas, etc.,
existing at that time, had a more limited equatorial geographical distribu-
tion. The subsequent period of isolation of Atlantic and Pacific currents is
shown by the existence of truly Atlantic and Pacific species ; while as we go
down in depth we go back also in time, and find at first representatives of
the genera found in our Tertiaries, while at greater depth the species are

GEOGEAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 211

representatives of genera found in the Cretaceous. A more detailed com-
parison than can be given here of the present faunae with the fossils of the
tertiary deposits, would be most interesting; but unfortunately the materials
thus far collected are too fragmentary, and we must await deep-sea dredgings
of a considerable extent of coast, before we shall have the data needed to
follow up the important results to be gained in this way for palaeontology
and geography, of which our present incomplete materials give us such an
interesting glimpse.

What we know of the Tertiaries of the West Indies and Alabama, of Malta
and of India, shows that with the exception of the greater extension of Echi-
nanthus, Enpatagus, Maretia, Scutella, Pygorhynchns, the North Atlantic
fauna did not differ very materially from its present conditions. The same
may be said of the American ; while the Tertiaries of the East Indies show
the presence of Temnopleurus, Pleurechinus, Heliocidaris, Rumphia, Brey-
nia, Maretia, — genera which are still characteristic of the same districts.

As far as we can judge from the present geographical extension of the
genera characteristic of the different great Marine Realms, we can only recog-
nize four (PL G); the American, the coasts of the two sides of this continent
(north and south), being characterized by Echinarachnius, Arbacia, Encope,
Mellita, Hemiaster. The species of this realm extend as far as the Mediter-
ranean and the West Coast of Africa, where they unite with the species of the
North Atlantic Realm, Echinus, Sphaerechinus, Schizaster, Strongylocentrotus,
Dorocidaris, Spatangus, Echinocyamus, Echinocardium, and extend along the
Japanese coast to meet the great Indo-Pacific Realm ; the Atlantic Realm
extending through the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, to Japan, forming a belt of
species, Schizaster, Sphaerechinus, Echinocardium, Spatangus, now disconnect-
ed from the North Atlantic Realm except by the circumpolar species, which,
however, does not show the former association, through the Red Sea and
North Africa, as well as the existence of the above-mentioned genera asso-
ciated with thoroughly characteristic Indo-Pacific species. We must look
upon the great extension of the genus Strongylocentrotus along the whole
of the West Coast of North and South America and of Echinocardium as indi-
cating a possible genetic connection between the species of the Arctic and
Antarctic Seas.

The characteristic genera of the Indo-Pacific Realm are Phvllacanthus,
Colobocentrotus, Heterocentrotus, Paraselenia, Fibularia, Echinostrephus,
Laganum, Maretia. This realm is connected with the American Realm by the

212 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

genera Clypeaster, Echinanthus, Me tali a, Cidaris, Diadema, Echinometra, and
with the North Atlantic by the genera mentioned above, Echinocardium and
Strongylocentrotus.

The fourth realm, the Australian, differs radically from the others, and re-
mains more completely isolated from the other existing realms. Though it
is associated by Centrostephanus and Brevnia with the Indo-Pacific, and by
Strongylocentrotus and Echinocardium with the North Atlantic Realm, the
South Circumpolar District must be considered a part of this realm (by Go-
niocidaris canaliculars), as w r e have looked upon the North Circumpolar Dis-
trict as a part of the North Atlantic Realm.

The principal Isochrymal Lines dividing the oceans into Frigid, Temperate,
and Torrid are copied from Professor Dana's Isochrymal Lines, given by him
on his valuable map of the Geographical Distribution of Crustacea, in his
great work on the Crustacea of the United States Exploring Expedition.

Plate A, contains the following Littoral Districts, — Pacific, Boreal American, West South
American, Tropical Atlantic, West Africa, Indo-Africa, Indo-Pacific, North Circum-
polar, Patagonia.

Plate B, — Japanese, Australian, North Pacific, Panamic, North Atlantic, Lusitanian, South
Circumpolar, East Indian, California^.

Plate G, shows the Distribution of the Oceans into four great Realms, — Atlantic Circum-
polar, Australian Antarctic, Pacific, and American.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

213

LIST OF THE KNOWN SPECIES OF ECHINI.

DESMOSTICHA Haeckel.

CIDARIDAE Mull.
GONIOCIDARIDAE Haeckel.

NAME ADOPTED.

Cidaris Kl.

Cidaris metularia Bl.

Cidaris Thouarsii Val.

Cidaris tribuloide.s Bl.
Dorocidaris A. Agass.

Dorocidaris papillata A. Ag.
Phyllacanthus Br.

Phyllacanthus annulifera A. Ag.

Phyllacanthus baculosa A. Ag.

Phyllacanthus dubia Br.

Phyllacanthus gigantca A. Ag.

Phyllacanthus imperialis Br.

Phyllacanthus verticillata A. Ag.

Stephanocidaris A. Agass.

Stephanocidaris bispinosa A. Ag.
Porocidaris Des.

Porocidaris purpurata W. Tiiom.
Goniocidaris Des.

Goniocidaris canalicuta A. Ag.

Goniocidaris geranioides Ag.

Goniocidaris tubaria Lutk.

Cidarites metularia Lamk.

Cidaris Thouarsii Val.
Cidarites tribuloides Lamk.

Cidaris papillata Leske.

Cidarites annulifera Lamk.
' 'idariles baculosa Lamk.
Phyllacanthus dubia Br.

Cidaris Mauri Kl.

Cidarites verticillata Lamk.

original name. principal localities.

Red Sea; Mauritius; E. India
Isls. ; Sandwich Isls. ; Feejee
Lis.

Panama ; Gulf of California.

Florida ; Brazil ; Cape Palmas.

Norway; Mediterranean; Fla.

Australia; Philippine Isls.

Red Sea; Zanzibar; Mauritius.

Zanzibar ; Bonin Isls. ; Australia.
Chondrocidaris gigantea A.Ag. Sandwich Isls.

( Red Sea ; East India Isls. ; Aus-
( tralia.

{ Society Isls. ; East India Isls. ;
( Australia.

Cidarites bispinosa Lamk. Australia ; Malacca.

Porocidaris purpurata W. Thom. Rockall.

Temiiocidaris canaliculata A.Ag. Patagonia; Natal.
Cidarites geranioides Lamk. Australia; E.Indies.

Cidarites tubaria Lamk. Australia; Tasmania.

Salenia Gray.

Salenia varispina A. Ag.

SALENIDAE Agass.
Salenocidaris varispina A. Ag. Straits of Florida.

Arbacia Gray.

Arbacia Dufresnii Gray.

Arbacia nigra A. Ag.

Arbacia punctulata Gray.

Arbacia pustulosa Gray.

Arbacia spatuligera A. Ag.

Arbacia stellata Gray.
Podocidaris A. Agass.

Podocidaris sculpta A. Ag.
Coelopleurus Agass.

Coelopleurus floridanus A. Ag.

Coelopleurus Maillardi A. Ag.

ARBACIADAE Gray.

Echinus Dufresnii Bl.
Echinus niger (Mol.)
Echinus punctulatus Lamk.
Cidaris pustulosa Leske.
Echinus spatuliger Val.
Echinus stellalus (Bl.)

Patagonia; Chili.
Patagonia; Chili; Peru.
Long Island Sound to W. Florida.
Mediterranean ; Liberia ; Brazil.
Chili; Peru.
Panama ; Gulf of California.

Podocidaris sculpta A. Ag. Straits of Florida.

Coelopleurus floridanus A. Ag. Straits of Florida.
Keraiaphorus Maillardi Mich. Bourbon.

214 LIST OF KNOWN SPECIES.

DIADEMATIDAE Peters.

NAME ADOPTED. ORIGINAL NAME. PRINCIPAL LOCALITIES.

Diadema Schynv.

Diadema mexicanurn A. Ac. Diadema mexicanurn A. Ao. Acapulco; Cape St. Lucas.

( W. India Lis.; Cape Verde Isls. ;

Diadema setosum Gray. Cidarites diadema Lamk. J Indian Ocean; Japan ; Sand-

( wicb Isls. ; Feejee Isls.
Centrostephanus Pet.

Centrostephanus coronatus A. Ao. Echinodiadema corouata Ver. Cape St. Lucas.

Centrostephanus longispinus 1't. Diadema longispina Phil. Palermo; Canary Isls.

Centrostephanus Rodgersii A. Ag. ThrichodiademaRodgersii A.Ag. Australia ; New Caledonia.
Echinothrix Pet.

Echinothrix calamaris A. Ag. Echinus calamaris Pall.

\ Society Isls. ; Last India Lis. ;

(. Philippine Lis.

< Red Sea ; Feejee Isls. ; Sand-
Echinothrix Desorii 'Pet. Astropyga Desorii Ac ASS. . , ,.

( Sandwich Isls. ; Feejee Isls. ;

Echinothrix tun-arum Pet. Diadema turcarum Schynv. -s Japan: E. India Isls.; Red

( Sea ; Zanzibar.

Astropyga (I ray.

Astropyga puloinata Agass. Cidarites pulvinata Lamk. Panama; Gulf of California.

. . i/. /.•/ j- i 1 Zanzibar; Last India Isls. ; Phil-

Astropyga radiala Cray. Ltdans radiata Li ski ;. J. . . '

( ii)[)ine Lis.

Asthenosoma Grdbe.

Asthenosoma hystrix A. AG. Calveria hystrix Tiiom. Florida; Roekall to Rona.

Asthenosoma varium GfiUBE. Asthenosoma varium Gut'itE. China Seas.

ECHINOMETRADAE Gray.
Colobocentrotus Br

Colobocentrotus atratus Br. Echinus atratus I. inn. Zanzibar; Java; Sandwich Lis.

Colobocentrotus Mertensii Bk. Colobocentrotus MertensiiBu. Bunin Lis.; Australia.
Heterocentrotus Br.

__ . i, . n /-.-j m ^ i- S Sandwich Lis. ; E. India Lis ;

Heterocentrotus »m»iMi//(i/«N Bit. Cidans mammillata Kx. .

( Keel s.- 1 ; Feejee Isls.

_ . , . . „ 7- , i .... < Mauritius; Java; Sandwich Lis.;

Heterocentrotus ingonarius Br. Echinus trigonarius Lamk.

( Feejee Lis.

Echinometra Rondel. (Breyn.)

( Zanzibar; Red Sea; E. India

Echinometra lucunter Bl. ( 'idaris lucuntrr Lkskk. -f Isls. ; Japan; Sandwich Isls. ;

( Feejee Isls.

Ellipsechinus macrostomus
Echinometra ynacrostoma A. Ag. .

( Sandwich Isls.; Philippine Isls. ;

Echinometra oblonga Bl. Echinus oblongus Bl. i Sevcbclle Isls

< Senegal; Cape Verde; Brazil;
Echinometra subangularis Desml. ("idaris subangularis Lkskk. 1 ^, j ||( jj a i s [ s . Bermudas

Echinometra Van Brunti A. Ag. Echinometra Van Brunti A. Ac. Peru; Panama; GulfofCal.
Echinometra viridis A. AGA8S. Echinometra viridis A. Ac. Florida; Hayti.

Parasalenia A. Agass.

( Kingsmills Lis. : Bonin Isls. ;
Parasalenia gratiosa A. Ac. Parasalenia gratiosa A. Ag. i Zanzibar

Stomopneustes Agass.

Stomopneustes oariolaris Ac. Echinus variolaris Lamk. Mauritius, Java; Samoa.
Strongylocentrotus Br.

Strongylocentrotus albus A. Ag. Echinus albus Mm.. Patagonia; Chili; Peru.

Strongglocentrotus armiger A. Ag. Strongylocenirottts armiger A. Ag. Australia.

LIST OF KNOWN SPECIES.

215

NAME ADOPTED.

ORIGINAL NAME.

Strongylocentrotus Br. (continued).

Strongylocentrotus depressus A. Ag. Toxocularis depressa A. Ag.

Strongylo. Drobachiensis A. Ag. Echinus Drobachiensis Mull. ■,

Strongylo. eurythrogrammus A. Ag. Echinus eurythrogrammus Val.
Strongylo. franciscanus A. Ag. Toxocidaris franciscaua A.Ag.
Strongylocentrotus Gaimordi A. Ag. Echinus Gaimardi Bl.
Strongylocentrotus gibbosus A. Ag. Echinus gibbosus Val.
Strongylo. intermedins A. Ag. Psammechinus intermedius Barn.

Strongylocentrotus Hindus Br. Echinus saxatilis Lin.

Strongylocentrotus mexicanus A, Ag. Toxocidaris 7nexicana (A. Ag.)
Strongylocentrotus nudus A. Ag. Toxocidaris nuda A. Ag.
Slrongylo. purpuratus A. Ag. Echinus purpuratus Stimps.

Strongylo. tul/crcidatus Br. Echinus tuberculatus Lamk. 1

Sphaerechinus Des.

Sphaen chinus Australiae A. Ag. Sphaerechinus Australiae A. Ag. <

Sphaerechinus gramdaris A. Ag. Echinus granularis Lam.

Sphaerechinus pu/chrrrimus A. Ag. PsammechinuspvLlcheiiimus Barn.
Pseudoboletia Trosch.

Pseudoboletia granulata A. Ag. Bolelia granulata A. Ag.

Pseudoboletia Indiana A. Ag. Toxopneustcs iiidianus Mich.
Echinostrephus A. Agass.

Echinoslrephus molare A. Ag. Echinomelra setosa Rumph.

principal localities.

Japan.

N. European ; N. Pacific ; N. E.
Coast of America.

Australia; Tasmania; Samoa.

Formosa ; Puget Sd.; San Diego.

Brazil.

Chili ; Galapagos ; Peru.

Japan.

Enrop. Atlantic ; Mediterrane-
an ; Azores.

Gulf of California.

Sandwich Isls. ; Japan.

San Francisco; Puget Sound.

Japan ; China ; Australia ; New
Zealand.

Australia; Mauritius; New Zea-
land.
Mediterranean; Canary Isls.
Japan ; China Seas.

Sandwich Isls.
Philippine Isls : Mauritius.

Society Isls. ; Zanzibar; Natal.

Temnopleurus Agass.

Temnopleurus Hardurickii A. Ag.

Temnopleurus Reyuaudi Ag.

Temnopleurus toreumaticus Ag.
Pleurechinus Agass.

Pleurechinus bothryoides Ag.
Temnechinus Forbes.

Temnechinus maculatus A. Ag.
Microcyphus Agass.

Mycrocyphus maculatus Ag.

Microcyphus zigzag Ag.
Trigonocidaris A. Agass.

Trigonocidaris albida A. Ag.
Salmacis Agass.

Salmacis bicolor Ag.

Salmacis Dussumieri Ag.

Salmacis globator Ag.

Salmacis rarispina Ag.

Salmacis sulcata Ag.

Mespilia Des.

Mespilia globulus Ag.

ECHINIDAE Agass.

TEMNOPLETJRIDAE Des.

Toreumatica Hardwickii Gray. Japan.

Temnopleurus Reyuaudi Agass. Ceylon; China Seas.

Cidaris toreumatica Kl. Bombay ; E. India Isls. ; China.

Pleurechinus bothryoides Ag. Galapagos. ? ?

Genocidaris maculata A. Ag. Straits of Florida; Azores.

,.. , , . . ( Japan ; Navigator Isls. ; East

Microcyphus maculatus Agass. < ' ' °

( India Tsls.

Japan ; Philip. Isls. ; Tasmania.
Straits of Florida.

Cidaris bothryoides Kl.

Trigonocidaris albida A. Ag.

Salmacis bicolor Agass.
Salmacis Dussumieri Agass.
Salmacis globator Ag.

Salmacis rarispinus Agass.
Salmacis sulcatus Agass.

Echinus globulus Lin.

R'd Sea ; Mozambique ; Bombay.

China Seas.

Australia.

Philippine Isls.; Siam ; China
Seas.

\ Australia; Philippine Isls.; Mo-
( zambique ; Red Sea.

( Japan ; Philippine Isls. ; Sand-
i wich Isls.

216

LIST OF KNOWN SPECIES.

NAME ADOPTED. ORIGINAL NAME.

Amblypneustes Ac; ass.

Amblypneustes grist us Ac.

Amblypneustes forniosus Val.

Amblypneusti s ovum Ag.

Amblypm usles pallidus Val.

Amblypneustes pentagonm A. Ag. Amblypneustes peutagonus A. Ag. Mauritius.?
Holopneustes Agass.

Holopneustes inflatus A. Ag.

Holopnt usi< s porosissinius Ag.

Holopneustes purpurescens A. Ag

PRINCIPAL LOCALITIES.

Echinus griseus Bl.
Amblypneustes formosus Vai
Echinus ovum Lamk.
Echinus pallidus Lamk.

Australia; New Zealand.

Australia.
Australia.
Australia ; Feejee Isls.

A mblypneustes inflatus Lctk. New Holland.

Cidaris granulata (Agass.) New Holland.

Amblypm ustes purpurescens Lutk. New Holland.

Phymosoma IIaime.

Phymosoma crenulare A. Ag.
Hemipedina Wright.

Hemipedina cubensis A. Ag.
Echinus Bond. (Linn.)

Echinus acutus Lamk.

Echinus angulosus A. Ag.

Echinus elegans Drn. o. KoR.

TRIPLECHINIDAE A. AGASS.
Glyptocidaris crenularis A. Ag. Japan.

Caenopedina cubeusis A. Ac. Straits of Florida
Echinus acutus Lamk.
( 'idaris augulosa Lekse.

Echinus elegans (Dub. o. Kor.)

Echinus esculent ns LlN.
Echinus gracilis A. Ag.
Echinus magellanicus Phil.
Echinus margaritaceus Lam.
Echinus melo Lam.

Norway : Mediterranean.

( Cape (! 1 Hope; Mauritius;

Red Sea; Philippines; New

( Zealand.

' Norway; off Valencia; Medi-

( terranean.
Norway ; English Channel.
Straits of Florida ; St. Thomas.
Patagonia; Chili; New Zealand-
Patagonia.
Mediterranean.

Echinus subglobosus Linn.

Echinus gracilis A Ac;.

Echinus magellanicus Phil.

Eel, inns margaritaceus Lamk

Echinus melo Lamk.

Echinus microtuberculatus I5l. Echinus microtuberculatus Bl. Mediterranean; Cape Verde Isls.

Echinus miliaris Mi l.L. Echinus miliaris Mill.. Kn. Norway : English Channel.

,. ,. j-... T -,_ ,. , ., ,- ( Norway ; off Valencia ; Mediter

kclitn us uorvegicus Din. o. Ivor. .LcAim/.snorvegicus Dm. o. Ivor, -j

( ranean; Straits of Florida.

Toxopneustes Agass.

Toxopm listen maculatus A. Ag. Echinus maculatus Lamk.

Toxopneustes pileolus AGASS. Echinus pileolus Lamk
Toxopneustes semituberculatus Ac;
Toxopneustes variegatus A. Ac;.

Echinus semituberculatus
Val.

Hipponoe Gray.

Hipponoe depressa A. Ag.

Hipponoe esculenta A. Ag.

Hipponoe variegata A. Ac.

Echinus variegatus (Lamk.)

Tripneustes depressus A. Ac.
Cidaris esculenta (Leske.)

Cidaris variegata Leske.

Evechinus Verrill.

Evechiuus chloroticus Verrill. Echinus chloroticus Val.

Christmas LI. ; Bourbon.
(Panama; B.India Isls. ; Feejee
{ Isls. ; Mauritius.
* Galapagos; W. coaBt Cent. Am. ;
( Cape- St. Lucas.
j Bermudas; S. Cirolina; W. In-
( dia Lis.; Brazil.

Gulf of California.

Florida; W. Indies; Surinam.
Sandwich Lis.; Japan, E.India

Isls. : Feejee Isls. ; Red Sea ;

Mozambique.

New Zealand.

LIST OF KNOWN SPECIES.

217

NAME ADOPTED.

Echinocyamus Van Phels
Echinocyamus pusillus Gray.

Fibularia Lamk.

Fibularia australis Desml.

Fibularia ovu/um Lamk.
Fibularia volva Agass.

CLYPEASTRIDAE Agass.
EUCLYPEASTRIDAE Haeckel.

FIBULARINA Gray.
ORIGINAL NAME.

Spatagus pusillus Mull.

Fibularia australis Desml.

Echinus minutus Pall.
Fibularia volva Agass.

PRINCIPAL LOCALITIES.

j Norway ; Mediterr'an ; Azores ;
I Florida.

( Sandwic
1 lia.

h Isls. ; Japan ; Austra-

Indian Ocean ; Philippine Isls.
Red Sea; Formosa; N. Australia.

Clypeaster Lamk.
Clypeaster humilis A. Ag.

Clypeaster rotundus A. Ag.
Clypeaster scutiformis Lamk.

Clypeaster subdepressus Agass.
Echinanbhus Breyn.

Echinanlhus rosaceus Gray.

ECHINANTHIDAE A. Agass.

Echinanlhus hnmile Leske. \ Red Sea ' K India Jsh -' New

( Caledonia.

Stolonoclypus rotundus A. Ag. Panama; San Diego.

Echinus reticulata Li.v. (pars.) \ EedSea ; Philippine Isls.; Kings-

( mills Isls.
Echinanlhus subdepressus Gray. Florida; W. coist of Africa.

Echinus rosaceus Lin.

AV. India Isls.

Florida.

Echinanlhus testudinarius Gray. Echinanthustestudinarius Gray. 5 Australia i Ja P an i Sandwich

( Isls.; Gulf of California.

Laganum Kl.

Lagauum Bonani Kl.

Laganum depressum Less.

Laganum Putnami Barn.
Peronella Gray.

Peronella decagonalk A. Ag.

Peronella orbicularis A. Ag.
Perouella Peronii Gray.
Peronella rostrata A. Ag.

LAGANIDAE Des. (Emend.)
Laganum Bonani Kl.

Laganum depressum Less.
Laganum Putnami Barn.

Scutella decagonalis Bl.

(Tasmania; E. India Isls. ; Pliil-
( ipj>ine Isls.

I Kingsmills Isls. ; Feejee Isls ;
-,' Philippine Isls. ; Australia ;
( Zanzibar.
Japan.

5 Japan ; New Caledonia ; Bay of

( Bengal.

Eehinodiscus orbicularis Leske. New Holland; Formosa.
Laganum Peronii Agass. Tasmania; Philippine Isls.

Laganum rostratum Agass. New Zealand ; Zanzibar.

Echinarachnius Leske.

Echinarachnius e.rcentricus Val.
Echinarachnius mirabilis A. Ag.

Echinarachnius parma Gray.

Arachnoides Kl.

Arachnoides placenta Agass.

Eehinodiscus Breyn.
Eehinodiscus auritus Leske.
Eehinodiscus biforis A. Ag.

Eehinodiscus laevis A. Ag.

SCUTELLIDAE Agass.

Scutella excentrica Esch. California; Kamtchatka.

Scaphechinus mirabilis A. Ag. Japan.

Scutella parma Lamk. (New Jersey; Labrador; Van-

Echinus placenta Lin.

couver Isl. ; Kamtchatka.

( New Zealand ; Australia ; East
( India Isls. ; Burmah.

Eehinodiscus auritus Leske. Zanzibar; Philippine Isls.

Echinodiicus biapexfoiatna Leske. Mozambique; Red Sea; Java.
Mellita laevis Kl. (Japan; New Caledonia; East

I India Isls.; S. Africa.

218

LIST OF KNOWN SPECIES.

NAME ADOPTED.

Mellita Kl.

Mellita erythraea Gray.
Mellita longifissa MlCH.
Mellita pacifica Verrill.
Mellita sexforis A. Ac
Mellita Stok-csii A. Ag.

Mellita testudinata Kl.

Astriclypeus Verrill.

Astriclypeus Manui Verrill.
Rotula Kl.

Rotula Augusti Kl.

Rotula Rumphii Kl.
Encope Agass.

Encope califomica Verrill.

Encope emarginata Agass.

Encope grandis Ac ISS.

Encopi Michelini AGAS6.

Encope micropora Agass.

ORIGINAL NAME.

Mellita erythraea Gray.
Mellita longifissa Mini.
Mellita pacifica VERRILL.
Echinus hexaporus Gmel.
Encope Stokesii Agass.

Mellita testudinata Kl.

PRINCIPAL LOCALITIES.

Red Sea. ?

Panama ; Gulf of California.

Peru.

W. India Isls.

Guayaquil ; Panama.
( Brazil ; W. India Isls ; North
1 and South Carolina.

Astriclypeus Manui Verrill. China; Japan.

Rotula Augusti Kl.
Rotula Rumphii Kl.

Liberia.

Senegal ; Cape Verde Isls.

Encope californica Yerrii.l. Gulf of California.

Echinodiscus emarginatus Leske. 15raz.il; West Indies.

Encope grandis Agass. Gulf of California.

Europe Michelini Agass. Yucatan; Florida.

Encope micropora Agass. Panama; Gulf of California.

Echinoneus Van Pim.l.

PETALOSTICHA IIaeckel.
CASSIDULIDAE Agass.

ECHINONIDAE Agass.

Kingsmillg Isls. ; Zan-

EchinonStu cyclostomus Leske. Echinoneus cyc\ostomus].v.±KE. ]

( zibar.

Echinoneus semilunaris Lamk. Echinus semilunaris Ghel, Florida; W. India Isls

NUCLEOLIDAE Agass.
Neolampas A. Agass.

Neolampas rostellata A. Ag. Neolampas rostellatus A. Ag. Straits of Florida.
Echinolampas Gray.

Echinolampas depressa Gray. Echinolampas depressus GRAY. Straits of Florida.

Echinolampas Hellei Val. Echinolampas Richardi (Desml.) Senegal

Echinolampas ovifarmis Gray. Scutum ovatum Ki.. tied Sea; Molucca.

Rhynchopygus D'Orbig.

Rhynchopygui caribaearum LiJTK. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamk. W India Lis.

,>, , ■£ k k nil c 4 (Galapagos: Panama; Gulf of

Rhynchopygus pan/irus A. Ac. Pygorh ynch us pacificus Ag. < '

( California.

Echinobrissus Bsetn.

Echinobrissus recens D'Orb. Nucleolites recens Eow. New Zealand ; Madagascar.

Nucleoli tes Lamk.

Nucleolites epigonus Mart. Nucleolites epigonus Mart. E. India Isls.

Anochanus Gbube.

Auochanus sinensis Grcbe. Anochanus sinensis Grube. East India Isls.

Pourtalesia A. Agass.
Pourtalesia miranda A. Ag.

Homolampas A. Agass.
Homolampas fragQis A. Ag.

SPATANGIDAE Agass.
ANANCHYTIDAE Alb. Gras.

Pourtalesia miranda A Ag.
Lissonotus fragilis A. Ag.

Straits of Florida; Shetland
Channel.

Straits of Florida,

LIST OF KNOWN SPECIES.

219

NAME ADOPTED. ORIGINAL NAME.

Platybrissus Grube.

Platybrissus Roemeri Grube. Platybrissus Roemeri Grube.

PRINCIPAL LOCALITIES.

Spatangus Kl.

Spatangus Liitkeni A. Ag.

Spatangus purpureas Leske.

Spatangus Raschi Loven.

Maretia Gray.
Maretia alta A. Ag.

Maretia ptanulata Gray.

ETJSPATANGINA A. Agass.

Spatangus Liitkeni A. Ag.
Spatagus purpureus Mull.

Spatangus Raschi Loven.

Maretia alta A. Ag.
Spatangus ovatus Leske.

Japan.

Norway ; Mediterranean.
German Ocean ; Azores ; off
Valencia.

f Gern:
I Va

Japan.
( Kingsmills Isls. ; China ; East
■1 India Isls. ; New Caledonia ;
( Mauritius.

Eupatagus Agass.

Eupatagus Valeuciennesii Ag. Eupatagus Valenciennesii Ag. Australia.
Lovenia Des.

Loven ia cordiformis Lutk. Guyaquil ; Gulf of California.

( Red Sea ; Australia ; Philippine
X Isls.

Lovenia cordiformis Lutk.
Lovenia elongala Gray.

Lovenia subcarinata Gray.

Breynia Des.

Breynia Australasiae Gray.
Echinocardium Gray.

Spatangus elongatus Gray.

~ . , . .-, (China; Luzon; Japan; Sand-

Snatanqus subcanuatus Gray. 4 .... l

r J { with Isls.

Spatangus Australasiae Leacu. Red Sea; Australia ; Japan.

Echinocardium australe Gray. Echinocardium australe Gray
Echinocardium cordatum Gray. Echinus cordatus Penn.

{ New Zealand ; Japan ; E. India ;

( Cape Good Hope.

f Norway; Mediterranean; Brazil;

1 Florida.

Echinocardium flavescens A. Ag. Spatagus flavesceus Mull. Norway; S.Carolina; Florida.

Echinocard. mediterraneum Gray. Amphidetus mediterraneus Forb. Mediterranean.
Echinocard. pennatifidumNoRM. Amphidotus gibbosus (Barrett). Northumberland ; Straits of Fla.

Paleostoma Loven.
Paleostoma mirabilis Loven.

LESKIADAE Gray.

Leskia mirabilis Gray.

China ; East India Isls.

Hemiaster Des.

Hemiusler australis A. Ag.

Hemiaster cavernosus A. Ag.
Tripylus Phil.

Tripylus excavatus Phil.
Rhynobrissus A. Agass.

Rhynobris. pyramidalis A. Ag.
Brissopsis Agass.

Brissopsis luzonica A. Ag.

Brissopsis lyrifera Agass.
Agassizia Yal.

Agassizia excentrica A. Ag.

Agassizia scrobiculata Val.
Brissus Kl.

Brissus carinatus Gray.

BRISSSINA Gray.

Tripylus australis Phil.
Tripylus cavernosus Phil.

Tripylus excavatus Phil.

Rhynobrissus pyramidalis A

Kleinia luzonica Gray.
Brissus lyrifer Forbes.

Agassizia exceutrica A. Ag.
Agassizia scrobiculata Val.

Spatangus carinatus Lamk.

Patagonia.
Patagonia; Chili.

Patagonia.

Ag. China.

Luzon ; Siam ; New Caledonia.
Norway; Mediter'an; Florida.

Florida Gulf Stream.
Panama ; Gulf of California.

( Society Isls. ; Sandwich Isls. ;
East Indies; Mauritius; Phil-
( ippine Isls.

220

LIST OF KNOWN SPECIES.

NAME ADOPTED.

Brissus obesus Verrill.
Brissus unicoloi Ivl.

Metalia Gray.

Metal ia tifricana A. Ag.

Metalia maculosa A. Ac.
Metalia pectoralis A. Ag.

Metalia slernalis Gray.

Meoma Gray.

Meoma graudis Gray.

Meoma ventricosa Lutk.
Linthia Mee.

Linthia australis A. Ag.
Faorina Gray.

Faorina chinensis Gray.
Schizaster Agass.

Schizaster canali/erus Agass.

Schizaster fragilis Agass.

Schizaster gibberulus Agass.
Schizaster Philippii A. Ag.
Schizaster ventricosus Gray.
Mon a A. Agass.
Moira atropos A. AG.
Moira clothe A. AG.
Moira stygia A. Ag.

ORIGINAL NAME.

Brissus obesus Verrill.
Brissus unicolor Kl.

PRINCIPAL LOCALITIES.

Panama ; Gulf of California.

5 West India Isls. ; Cape Verde
Isls. ; Mediterranean.

Plagionotus africanus Verrill. Sherboro Isls.

Echinus niaculosus Gmkl.
Echinus graudis Gmel.

Spatangus sterualis Lame.

Meoma grandis Gray.
Spatangus veutricosus Lame.

Dcsoria australis GRAY.

Faorina chineusis Gray.

Echinus lacunosus I.ix.
Brissus fragilis Din. o. Kor.

Schizaster gibberulus Agass.
Tripyltis Philippii Gray.
Schizaster ventricosus Gray.

Spatangus atropos Lamk.
Moera clotho Mich.
Mm na stygia Lutk.

! Samoa; Sandwich Isls. ; Anstr'a;
Mauritius ; Panama.
W. India Isls. ; Florida.
('Sandwich Isls.; Society Isls.;
I E. India Isls.; Philippine Isls. ;

i Australia; N. Caledonia; lied
Sea.

Acapulco; Gulf of California.
W. India Isls.

Tasmania.

China.

Mediterranean.

( Norway ; Gulf St. L;
\ Straits of Florida.

awrence ;

Red Sea.

Patagonia.

Feejee Isls.; Philippines; Siam.

West Indi.- : N. & S. Carolina.

Gulf of California.

1 lied Sea; Zanzibar. ?

LITTORAL DISTRICTS. 221

LITTORAL DISTRICTS.

NoRTn Pacific (PI B) and Boreal American Districts (PI. A).

The North Pacific District extends from the Sea of Okhotchk to the Gulf
of Georgia, and some of its species even to San Diego. Echinarachius excen-
tricus is found on the American and Asiatic sides of the Pacific, and in the
same localities as the North Circumpolar species (Pi. B), S. Drobachiensis.

E. excentricus extends to San Diego, and as far as the Gulf of Georgia is
found associated with E. parma, an eminently boreal American (PI. A) spe-
cies, which however goes far south on the Asiatic side of the Pacific, even
to the East India Islands, if we can credit the localities, across the whole
of the Japanese and Chinese Districts, and is besides eminently characteristic
of the northeastern coast of North America associated with the North Cir-
cumpolar species S. Drobachiensis.

Californian, Panamic, and "West South American Districts.

The true Californian (PI. B) fauna, extending from the Santa Barbara Chan-
nel Islands to the Gulf of Georgia, lapping the North Pacific and the Circum-
polar species, is poor in species, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and S.
purpuratus being thus far the only species known on that extensive stretch
of coast strictly peculiar to it. The southern boundary of this fauna merges
into the northern extremity of a more varied coast, the Panamic (PL B),
extending from the northern part of Peru to the Santa Barbara Channel,
though many of the species have thus far not been traced beyond Cape St.
Lucas. Like the Japanese and Chinese fauna, it is made up of generic ele-
ments from the adjoining districts, the Indo-Pacific, Peruvian, Panamic, East
Indian, Australian, West Indian, all being represented, the former by the
presence of such species as Astropyga pulvinata, Toxopneustes pileolus, Lo-
venia cordiformis, and Metalia maculosa ; the Peruvian by the presence of
Agassizia, and the species of Arbacia ; the strictly Panamic species being for the
greater part representatives of the West Indian types ; the East Indian hav-
ing in common a species of Echinanthus, and the Australian the genus Cen-
trostephanus. The (Peruvian) West South American (PI. A) fauna extend-
ing from the northernmost part of Ecuador, lapping the Panamic District,
extends to the southernmost limit of Chili, two of the species even ex-

222 LITTORAL DISTRICTS.

tending to Cape Horn and the Straits of Magellan. This district probably
includes the Galapagos, which, as far as is accurately known, have about an
equal number of Peruvian and Panamic species. Many of the species gen-
erally credited to the Galapagos Islands are not known positively to live
there. The Peruvian District is remarkable for the great development the
Arbaciadae take, the other species being representatives of genera found in
the West Indian District, one of the species extending to Australia, and, as
I am informed by Dr. .Semper (if there is no error in the locality), two of
the species extend to the southern extremity of the Philippine Islands.

Patagonian District (PL A).

As far as known, the species of Echini of the southern extremity of
South America are, with few exceptions, peculiar to it. We find three or
four Peruvian species extending through the Straits of Magellan, and a few
species extending from the mouth of the La Plata on the Atlantic, around
the Horn to the coast of Chili, so that, to judge from positive evidence, the
extremity of South America forms a district lapping on the Pacific side the
Peruvian District (PL A), and extending on the Atlantic side to the south-
ern extremity of the Tropical Atlantic District (PI A), of which some of
the species reach the southern limit of Brazil, the coast gradually becoming
poorer and poorer in species as we go south from the West India Islands,
while towards the southern extremity of the continent a remarkable fauna
occurs, resembling to a certain extent the combination of species found on
the West Coast of Norway, in the North Atlantic District (PL B): —

Echinus margaritaceus, Echinus norvegicus,

Echinus magellanicus, Echinus miliaria,

Goniociuaris canaliculata, Dorocitlaris papillata,

Strongyloccntrotus albus, Strongyloccntrotus Drobachiensis,

Hemiaster australis, Brissopsis lyrifera,

Schizaster Philippii, Schizaster fragilis.

Goniocidaris canaliculata appears, if the localities are correct, to have a
most extensive geographical distribution, being found at the Sandwich and
Navigator Islands, Natal and Falkland Islands, and with Echinocardium aus-
trale, which has a somewhat similar range along the southern extremities of
all the southern continents, anil extending even north of the equator to
Japan, form the characteristic species of the great Southern Circumpolar
Belt (PL B).

LITTORAL DISTRICTS. 223

Tropical Atlantic District (PI. A).

It would be highly interesting to have sufficient data on the bathymetrical
range of the species inhabiting the Atlantic to arrive, by a careful com-
parison of the species found on both sides, at some definite conclusion
regarding the influence which depth and temperature have upon the
distribution of species. Unfortunately, we can make but very limited
comparisons. In spite of the zealous investigations of the elder and
younger Sars on the coast of Norway, the Dredging Reports of McAndrew
and Barrett and of Nermann, and lastly the data furnished by the Porcupine
Expedition from the European coasts, we have on our own coasts such a lim-
ited range for comparison that any conclusions can be but hints for future
use. The identity of several species of the Echini from Florida and
the coast of Norway confirmed in a remarkable manner the suggestion first
made by Loven of the possibility of finding in the warmer seas, at great
depths, arctic species, the most striking confirmation being the existence
of Rhizocrinus at great depths off Florida, off the Azores, on the coast of
Portugal, and off Norway. Yet when we come to make a more detailed
comparison of the species found on both sides of the Atlantic, we find some
of them having such an extraordinary range in depth that, on either
side, the extremes were far beyond the effect of any influence, due either to
pressure or to temperature. Such were, for instance, Echinocyamus pusillus,
Echinocardium corclatum and ovatum ; while Brissopsis lyrifera, Dorocidaris
papillata, Echinus norvegicus, Asthenosoma hystrix, Pourtalesia, Homo-
lampas, and Schizaster fragilis occur only at such depth in the Straits of
Florida as show that temperature and not depth is the main agent in the
distribution of the species of Echini over the bottom of the Atlantic. The
temperature being dependent upon the action of the sun only to moderate
depth, it follows that we reach comparatively soon a depth below which
the temperature is comparatively uniform, near the zero point ; this uniform
tempera 'e probably extending over the greater part of the bottom of
the ocean, at depths varying with the latitude. The cold bottom connect-
ing opposite shores in the North Atlantic is probably inhabited only by
more or less arctic species, having an extraordinary wide geogra hical range,
and corresponding to the arctic character of the fauna and flora of mountain
chains and high summits. The only difference between the land and sea
being that the ranges of variations of temperature are so small, we cannot

224 LITTORAL DISTRICTS.

expect to find as great a number of different belts of organized beings as we
find on land as we rise in altitude or in latitude. The tabulation of the
range of the species thus far found in Florida shows a very wide range in
(height) depth, in a comparatively narrow belt of variation of tempera-
ture. The species which characterize a local fauna are very limited
in depth, while, as a general thing, they have a wide geographical distri-
bution, as will he seen by an examination of the species which eminently
characterize the littoral fauna of the West Indies or of the West Coast of
Europe, which very soon merge (alter two or three intermediate belts) into
the deep-water (cold area) fauna of the North Atlantic. The species char-
acteristic of the deep waters of Florida, thus far not found extending to the
other side of the Atlantic, are Coelopleurus lloridanus. Salenia varispina, Podo-
cidaris sculpta, Trigonocidaris albida, Echinus gracilis. Echinolampas depressa,
and Agassizia excentrica. Of the truly littoral species of the Tropical At-
lantic District, some of them range from North Carolina, and even New
Jersey and Long Island Sound, to the southern extremity of Brazil; a great-
er number extend from South Carolina to Brazil ; a still greater number from
Florida to Brazil ; while from Florida to the northern part of Brazil we find
the strictly West Indian fauna (Tropical Atlantic District) sending out its
feelers to the Mediterranean, to the Platte River, to the Bermudas, and to
the West African Coast, while some of the deep-water (cold area) species are
found in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Azores, Shetland Islands, Mediterra-
nean, and West Coast of Norway. Two species, Encope Michelini and Moira
atropos, seem to be specially characteristic of the mainland, and thus far ex-
tend but a short distance south from Mexico. ^nA do not reach farther north,
the one than the Florida Keys, the other than North Carolina ; they are on
that part of the coast always accompanied by Arhacia punctulata. which thus
far has not been found in the West Indies, except on the coast of Cuba and
in the Straits of Florida.

The American North Atlantic Coast from New Jersey to Hudson's Bay is
inhabited by species belonging in part to the North Atlantic District (PI. JJ)
and the Boreal American (PI. A), and in part to the Tropical Atlantic District
(PI. A). One of the species, Echinarachnius parma. is found not only on the
Atlantic side of America, but extends from the Straits of Behring along the
Aleutian Islands and on the Pacific Coast as far south as the East India Isl-
ands. Of the Tropical Atlantic species. Arhacia punctulata extends
to the southern extremity of Cape Cod ; this is also the limit of Mel-

LITTORAL DISTRICTS. 225

lita testudinata and of Toxopneustes variegatus.* Of the northern species,
the southern limit of Echinarachnius parma is the coast of New Jersey,
while Strongylocentrotus Drbbachiensis, the Circumpolar species, is some-
times found as far south as Cape Florida. Of the strictly North Atlantic
species, Echinocyamus pusillus does not seem to extend farther west than
Iceland, and has thus far not been found on the eastern coast of the United
States except in Florida ; Brissopsis lyrifera extends as far as Greenland ; and
Schizaster fragilis as far as the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Of the European
Atlantic species, Echinus sphaera extends westward to Iceland.

North Atlantic District (PL B).

On the European side of the Atlantic the Circumpolar species, Strongylo-
centrotus Drbbachiensis, does not reach as far south as on the American side,
being rarely found south of the English Channel. The range of some of the
species — Cidaris papillata, Spatangus purpureus, Echinus acutus, elegans, nor-
vegicus, Echinocyamus pusillus, Echinocardium cordatum, Brissopsis lyrifera
— is quite extensive, overlapping as they do the Circumpolar species on the
West Coast of Norway, as far north as the Lofoten Islands (in deep water),
and even up to North Cape, and stretching thence along the Atlantic shores of
Europe, throughout the whole range of the Mediterranean and the Adriatic ;
all these species, except Spatangus purpureus, E. acutus, and E. elegans, ex-
tend across the Atlantic to the deeper waters of Florida and the West India Isl-
ands (Guadaloupe), in conjunction with Asthenosoma hystrix, Pourtalesia mi-
randa, Echinocardium pennatifidum, ovatum, and Schizaster fragilis, which
as far as known do not extend into the Mediterranean or Adriatic. The
strictly European Atlantic species are Echinus sphaera, Echinus miliaria, Spa-
tangus Raschi ; they extend along the Atlantic coast, one of the species as far
as the Azores, up to the British Islands and Norway, but they are not found
in the Mediterranean.

Sphaerechinus granulans, a strictly Mediterranean species, extends north as
far as the West Coast of France, and south to the Cape Verde Islands, and
westward to the Azores. The same range is also occupied by Strongylocen-
trotus lividus and Arbacia pustulosa, but they both extend to the other
side of the Atlantic, and are found in Brazil associated with the West
Indian species.

* Teste Verrill.

226 LITTORAL DISTRICTS.

LusiTAsriAN District (PL B).

Leaving the North Atlantic District, we come to the strictly Mediterra-
nean species, consisting of Centrostephahus longispinus, Echinus microtuber-
culatus, Sphaerechinus granulans, Echinus nielo, Echinocardium mediterra-
neuin, and Schizaster canaliferus, overlapping to the north, as far as the
Portuguese Coast, and even, for some species, as far as the English Channel,
the North Atlantic European fauna, stretching westward as far as the Azores,
and to the south as the Cape Verde Islands. Many of the species of the Lu-
sitanian District occur at the Cape Verde Islands with strictly tropical Afri-
can species, and a lew of the West Indian species, extending to the Atlantic
Coast of West Africa, and combining with the North Atlantic species found
at the Azores, in the Mediterranean, and the Atlantic Coast of West Africa,
give to the Lusitanian District, north and south of the Straits of Gibraltar,
an extreme])- mixed character.

The West Indian species are Cidaris trilmloides | Diadema setosum cosmo-
politan!. Echinometra subangularis. Chpeaster suhdepressus. Strongylocen-
trotus lividus and Axbacia pustulosa belong also to the Mediterranean
species, but extend farther north and south than the purely Mediterranean
species, and also reach across to Brazil.

The North Atlantic and West European species which extend into this
district have already been enumerated.

West African District (PI A).

Of the Tropical Atlantic African District we know as yet too little to say
anything very definite of its range. The existence of two species of Rotula
and an Echinolainpas, combined with Mediterranean species, as well as West
Indian species to the North, is all we know, while the southern limit of this
district is as yet entirely undefined, and the coast between the equator ami
the Cape of Cood Hope is completely terra incogniln. The only thing we
know of that district is the presence of Echinometra subangularis at St.
Helena and Ascension, hut these islands are not sufficiently close to the
mainland to give us any clew to the character of the Echini found there.

South Circumpolar District (PL B\

The southern extremity of Africa is characterized by a very small number
ol' species, the northwestern limit of which is entirely unknown, while the

LITTORAL DISTRICTS. 227

northeastern limit is soon reached at Natal, the species which character-
ize the great Indo-Pacific Belt and the Indian District extending as far south
as that.

Echinus subangulosus and Echinocardium australe, two of the characteristic
species of the district, extend to a great distance, in one case as far as the
Nikobar Islands, while Echinocardium australe is, with the exception of
the southern extremity of South America, found in the great Antarctic Belt,
extending from New Zealand to the Cape of Good Hope, and even passing
the equator and extending to Japan, in a similar manner to the extension
of Echinocardium cordatum from Norway to Bahia. Echinometra lucunter
extends on the eastern coast of Africa very far south, while Diadema seto-
sum, a cosmopolitan species, unites the West African and the Indo-Pacific
Districts.

Another species is also found there, which is an antarctic type, Gonioci-
daris canaliculata ; this thus far is the only southern Circumpolar species
found, and, like E. australe, extends far north, being found at Zanzibar,
Sandwich Islands, and Navigator Islands, if the localities are to be trusted.

Indo-Pacific District (PL A).

In the great Indo-Pacific Belt the range of the species is very extensive.
It is characterized as a distinct belt, not only by its Echinoderms, but also
by its other Badiates, Mollusca, and Articulates. Better explored, as far as
its littoral fauna is concerned, than the corresponding parts